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Hybrid deep learning-based multimodal framework for plant leaf disease classification using RGB, Excess Green (ExG), and pseudo-thermal representations with MobileNetV2

Begum, Saba, Naresh, E., Srinidhi, N. N.·2026·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-52115-4
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Abstract

Plant diseases are a serious danger to the world’s food security, because they lower agricultural output and increase economic losses. Due to subjectivity, fluctuating lighting, and environmental unpredictability, traditional visual examination techniques are frequently incorrect. The Excess Green (ExG) vegetation index and pseudo-thermal representations produced from RGB pictures are two synthetically developed complementary representations that are integrated with RGB imagery in this study’s lightweight multimodal deep learning system to address these issues. Histogram shifting and pseudo-infrared color mapping are used in a reproducible picture alteration pipeline to create the pseudo-thermal modality, which allows for extra visual signals without the need for specific thermal sensors. In order to classify plant diseases while preserving computational efficiency, the suggested framework uses MobileNetV3-Small backbones to extract modality-specific characteristics. This is followed by feature-level fusion. The publicly accessible Ginger Leaf Dataset, which includes RGB pictures of ginger leaves in four different conditions—Damage-Pest, Dehydrated, Healthy, and Leaf-blight—was used for the experiments. For training, validation, and testing, the dataset was split using a stratified 70:15:15 split. Python-based preprocessing procedures were used to create the extra modalities (ExG and pseudo-thermal representations) from the original RGB images. The experimental results show that the combination of the representations with RGB images can enhance the classification performance compared with the unimodal RGB-based models. Ablation experiments are also conducted to examine the contributions of different modalities to the overall categorization accuracy. The experimental results show that plant disease recognition can be improved with the help of efficient computing by combining lightweight convolutional neural networks with computationally generated visual representations.

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Metadata

Authors
Begum, S., Naresh, E., & Srinidhi, N. N.
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2026-05-21
Volume
16
Issue
1
ISSN
2045-2322
DOI
10.1038/s41598-026-52115-4
Cited by
1
Language
en
Licence
Funders
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal

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Begum, S., Naresh, E., & Srinidhi, N. N. (2026). Hybrid deep learning-based multimodal framework for plant leaf disease classification using RGB, Excess Green (ExG), and pseudo-thermal representations with MobileNetV2. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-026-52115-4

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