CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 72Magnetic properties of thin filmsAdvanced Condensed Matter Physics2D Materials and Applications

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Skyrmionic spin structures in layered Fe5GeTe2 up to room temperature

Open access
Schmitt, Maurice, Denneulin, Thibaud, Kovács, András, Saunderson, Tom G., Rüßmann, Philipp, Shahee, Aga, Scholz, Tanja, Tavabi, Amir H., Gradhand, Martin, Mavropoulos, Phivos, Lotsch, Bettina V., Dunin-Borkowski, Rafal E., Mokrousov, Yuriy, Blügel, Stefan, Kläui, Mathias·2022·Communications Physics
DOI 10.1038/s42005-022-01031-w
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The role of the crystal lattice, temperature and magnetic field for the spin structure formation in the 2D van der Waals magnet Fe 5 GeTe 2 with magnetic ordering up to room temperature is a key open question. Using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy, we experimentally observe topological spin structures up to room temperature in the metastable pre-cooling and stable post-cooling phase of Fe 5 GeTe 2. Over wide temperature and field ranges, skyrmionic magnetic bubbles form without preferred chirality, which is indicative of centrosymmetry. These skyrmions can be observed even in the absence of external fields. To understand the complex magnetic order in Fe 5 GeTe 2, we compare macroscopic magnetometry characterization results with microscopic density functional theory and spin-model calculations. Our results show that even up to room temperature, topological spin structures can be stabilized in centrosymmetric van der Waals magnets.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/s42005-022-01031-w

Cites

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

No references could be resolved yet.

Research works printed but not linked: 48

  1. Gibertini, M., Koperski, M., Morpurgo, A. F. & Novoselov, K. S. Magnetic 2d materials and heterostructures. Nat. Nanotechnol. 14, 408–419 (2019). · DOI
  2. Huang, B. et al. Layer-dependent ferromagnetism in a van der Waals crystal down to the monolayer limit. Nature 546, 270–273 (2017). · DOI
  3. Deng, Y. et al. Gate-tunable room-temperature ferromagnetism in two-dimensional Fe3GeTe2. Nature 563, 94–99 (2018). · DOI
  4. May, A. F. et al. Ferromagnetism near room temperature in the cleavable van der Waals crystal Fe5GeTe2. ACS Nano 13, 4436–4442 (2019). · DOI
  5. Zhang, H. et al. Itinerant ferromagnetism in van der Waals Fe5−xGeTe2 crystals above room temperature. Phys. Rev. B 102, 064417 (2020). · DOI
  6. Ershadrad, S., Ghosh, S., Wang, D., Kvashnin, Y. & Sanyal, B. Unusual magnetic features in two-dimensional Fe5GeTe2 induced by structural reconstructions. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 13, 4877–4883 (2022). · DOI
  7. May, A. F., Du, M.-H., Cooper, V. R. & McGuire, M. A. Tuning magnetic order in the van der Waals metal Fe5GeTe2 by cobalt substitution. Phys. Rev. Mater. 4, 074008 (2020). · DOI
  8. Zhang, H. et al. A room temperature polar magnetic metal. Phys. Rev. Mater. 6, 044403 (2022). · DOI
  9. Zhang, H. et al. Room-temperature skyrmion lattice in a layered magnet (Fe0.5Co0.5)5GeTe2. Sci. Adv. 8, eabm7103 (2022). · DOI
  10. Pei, K. et al. Controllable domain walls in two-dimensional ferromagnetic material Fe3GeTe2 based on the spin-transfer torque effect. ACS Nano 15, 19513–19521 (2021). · DOI
  11. Purbawati, A. et al. In-plane magnetic domains and néel-like domain walls in thin flakes of the room temperature CrTe2 van der Waals ferromagnet. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 12, 30702–30710 (2020). · DOI
  12. Fert, A., Reyren, N. & Cros, V. Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications. Nat. Rev. Mater. 2, 17031 (2017). · DOI
  13. Everschor-Sitte, K., Masell, J., Reeve, R. M. & Kläui, M. Perspective: Magnetic skyrmions—overview of recent progress in an active research field. J. Appl. Phys. 124, 240901 (2018). · DOI
  14. Tokura, Y. & Kanazawa, N. Magnetic skyrmion materials. Chem. Rev. 121, 2857–2897 (2021). · DOI · Paper page
  15. Ding, B. et al. Observation of magnetic skyrmion bubbles in a van der Waals ferromagnet Fe3GeTe2. Nano Lett. 20, 868–873 (2020). · DOI
  16. Peng, L. et al. Tunable néel-bloch magnetic twists in Fe3GeTe2 with van der Waals structure. Adv. Funct. Mater. 31, 2103583 (2021). · DOI
  17. Gao, Y. et al. Spontaneous (anti)meron chains in the domain walls of van der Waals ferromagnetic Fe5−xGeTe2. Adv. Mater. 32, 2005228 (2020). · DOI
  18. May, A. F., Bridges, C. A. & McGuire, M. A. Physical properties and thermal stability of Fe5−xGeTe2 single crystals. Phys. Rev. Mater. 3, 104401 (2019). · DOI
  19. Stahl, J., Shlaen, E. & Johrendt, D. The van der Waals ferromagnets Fe5−dGeTe2 and Fe5−d−xNixGeTe2 - crystal structure, stacking faults, and magnetic properties. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 644, 1923–1929 (2018). · DOI
  20. Li, Z. et al. Magnetic critical behavior of the van der Waals Fe5GeTe2 crystal with near room temperature ferromagnetism. Sci. Rep. 10, 15345 (2020). · DOI
  21. Manchon, A. & Belabbes, A. Spin-orbitronics at transition metal interfaces. Solid State Phys. 68, 1–89 (2017). · DOI
  22. Loudon, J. C. et al. Do images of biskyrmions show Type-II Bubbles? Adv. Mater. 31, e1806598 (2019). · DOI · Paper page
  23. Yokota, T. Numerical investigation of magnetic bubble types in a two-dimensional ferromagnetic system with dipole–dipole interactions. J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 88, 084702 (2019). · DOI
  24. Leonov, A. O. & Kézsmárki, I. Skyrmion robustness in noncentrosymmetric magnets with axial symmetry: The role of anisotropy and tilted magnetic fields. Phys. Rev. B 96, 214413 (2017). · DOI
  25. Lemesh, I. et al. Current-induced skyrmion generation through morphological thermal transitions in chiral ferromagnetic heterostructures. Adv. Mater. 30, e1805461 (2018). · DOI
  26. Woo, S. et al. Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets. Nat. Mater. 15, 501–506 (2016). · DOI
  27. Mathieu, R., Jönsson, P., Nam, D. N. H. & Nordblad, P. Memory and superposition in a spin glass. Phys. Rev. B 63, 092401 (2001). · DOI
  28. Alahmed, L. et al. Magnetism and spin dynamics in room-temperature van der Waals magnet Fe5GeTe2. 2D Mater. 8, 045030 (2021). · DOI
  29. Ohta, T. et al. Enhancement of coercive field in atomically-thin quenched Fe5GeTe2. Appl. Phys. Express 13, 043005 (2020). · DOI
  30. Johansen, T. H., Pan, A. V. & Galperin, Y. M. Exact asymptotic behavior of magnetic stripe domain arrays. Phys. Rev. B 87, 060402 (2013). · DOI
  31. De Teresa, J. M. et al. Spin-Glass Insulator State in (Tb-La)2/3Ca1/3MnO3 Perovskite. Phys. Rev. Lett. 76, 3392–3395 (1996). · DOI
  32. Stoner, E. C. & Wohlfarth, E. A mechanism of magnetic hysteresis in heterogeneous alloys. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. A 240, 599–642 (1948).
  33. Heide, M., Bihlmayer, G. & Blügel, S. Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction accounting for the orientation of magnetic domains in ultrathin films: Fe/W(110). Phys. Rev. B 78, 140403 (2008). · DOI
  34. Sherrington, D. & Kirkpatrick, S. Solvable model of a spin-glass. Phys. Rev. Lett. 35, 1792–1796 (1975). · DOI
  35. Liechtenstein, A., Katsnelson, M., Antropov, V. & Gubanov, V. Local spin density functional approach to the theory of exchange interactions in ferromagnetic metals and alloys. J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 67, 65–74 (1987). · DOI
  36. Schweflinghaus, B., Zimmermann, B., Heide, M., Bihlmayer, G. & Blügel, S. Role of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction for magnetism in transition-metal chains at Pt step edges. Phys. Rev. B 94, 024403 (2016). · DOI
  37. Ebert, H. & Mankovsky, S. Anisotropic exchange coupling in diluted magnetic semiconductors: Ab initio spin-density functional theory. Phys. Rev. B 79, 045209 (2009). · DOI
  38. Kovács, A., Schierholz, R. & Tillmann, K.FEI Titan G2 80-200 CREWLEY. Journal of large-scale research facilities JLSRF 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-2-68. · DOI
  39. Boothroyd, C., Kovács, A. & Tillmann, K.FEI Titan G2 60-300 HOLO. Journal of large-scale research facilities JLSRF 2 (2016). https://doi.org/10.17815/jlsrf-2-70. · DOI
  40. Völkl, E., Allard, L. F. & Frost, B. A software package for the processing and reconstruction of electron holograms. J. Microsc. 180, 39–50 (1995). · DOI
  41. Ebert, H., Ködderitzsch, D. & Minár, J. Calculating condensed matter properties using the KKR-Green’s function method - Recent developments and applications. Rep. Prog. Phys. 74, 096501 (2011). · DOI
  42. Stefanou, N., Akai, H. & Zeller, R. An efficient numerical method to calculate shape truncation functions for Wigner-Seitz atomic polyhedra. Comput. Phys. Commun. 60, 231–238 (1990). · DOI
  43. Stefanou, N. & Zeller, R. Calculation of shape-truncation functions for Voronoi polyhedra. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 3, 7599–7606 (1991). · DOI
  44. Perdew, J. P., Burke, K. & Ernzerhof, M. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865–3868 (1996). · DOI · Paper page
  45. Müller, G. P. et al. Spirit: Multifunctional framework for atomistic spin simulations. Phys. Rev. B 99, 224414 (2019). · DOI
  46. Huber, S. P. et al. AiiDA 1.0 a scalable computational infrastructure for automated reproducible workflows and data provenance. Sci. Data 7, 300 (2020). · DOI
  47. Rüßmann, P., Bertoldo, F. & Blügel, S. The AiiDA-KKR plugin and its application to high-throughput impurity embedding into a topological insulator. npj Comput. Mater. 7, 13 (2021). · DOI
  48. Rüßmann, P. et al. The AiiDA-Spirit Plugin for Automated Spin-Dynamics Simulations and Multi-Scale Modeling Based on First-Principles Calculations. Front. Mater. 9, 825043 (2022). · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Schmitt, M., Denneulin, T., Kovács, A., Saunderson, T. G., Rüßmann, P., Shahee, A., Scholz, T., Tavabi, A. H., Gradhand, M., Mavropoulos, P., Lotsch, B. V., Dunin-Borkowski, R. E., Mokrousov, Y., Blügel, S., & Kläui, M.
Affiliations
  • Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (DE)
  • Forschungszentrum Jülich (DE)
  • Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research (DE)
  • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (GR)
Corresponding author
Kläui, Mathias
ORCID
Venue
Communications Physics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2022-10-18
Volume
5
Issue
1
ISSN
2399-3650 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/s42005-022-01031-w
OpenAlex
W4306742586
Cited by
72
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 1
FWCI
6.36
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Communications Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
  • Explore Bristol Research (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • arXiv (Cornell University) (cc-by)
Funders
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (403502522, TRR173, 268565370, 2004/1, Project A11), TRR 288, EXC 2004/1, SPP 2137, TRR 173/2, 856538, projects A01, 422213477, 390534769, Project B06)
  • Norges Forskningsråd (262 633)
  • RWTH Aachen University (jara0191)
  • Bayerische Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft, Landesentwicklung und Energie
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Magnetic properties of thin films
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Condensed Matter Physics › Advanced Condensed Matter Physics
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › 2D Materials and Applications
Keywords
Fe5GeTe2, skyrmions, van der Waals magnets, two-dimensional magnets, room-temperature magnetic ordering, metastable phases, magnetic chirality, Lorentz microscopy

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review