Integrated Electro-Optics on Thin-Film Lithium Niobate
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LiNbO3 monocrystal has high electro-optic coefficient r33 = 30.9 pm/V, second-order nonlinear coefficient d33 = 27 pm/V, refractive index around n = 2.2 for ordinary axis and n = 2.1 for extraordinary axis, and transparency from 0.4 to 5.5 μm.
“High electro-optic (r33 = 30.9 pm/V) and second-order nonlinear coefficients (d33 = 27 pm/V), as well as a high value for the refractive index (around n = 2.2 for ordinary axis and n = 2.1 for extraordinary one [168]) and transparency from 0.4 to 5.5 µ m, are some attractive features of this material (monocrystal), which is particularly suitable for applications where electro-optic modulation is”
From Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications (2026) · cites this paper as [163]
Stoichiometric complex oxide thin films promise ultrafast light control and massive optical parallelism, which classical electronic systems cannot achieve.
“Current trends in the field of photonics regarding the transition from bulk crystalbased devices to photonic integrated circuits (PICs), and, more specifically, to nonlinear integrated photonics, propel the utilisation of thin films based on stoichiometric complex oxides (such as lithium niobate, lithium tantalate, and barium titanate) since they simultaneously promise both ultrafast light control”
From Metal Oxide Thin Films for Advanced Photonic Applications (2026) · cites this paper as [163]
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References 252 · Cited by 162
- Authors
- Hu, Y., Zhu, D., Lu, S., Zhu, X., Song, Y., Renaud, D., Assumpcao, D., Cheng, R., Xin, C. J., Yeh, M., Warner, H., Guo, X., Shams-Ansari, A., Barton, D., Sinclair, N., & Loncar, M.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Agency for Science, Technology and Research (SG)
- University of Virginia (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Physics
- Published
- 2025-04-25
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 237-254
- ISSN
- 2522-5820 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4409808365
- Cited by
- 162
- References
- 252
- Citations by year
- 2026: 112 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 2
- FWCI
- 10.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- correction (2025-07-07)
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Nature Reviews Physics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Photorefractive and Nonlinear Optics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Ferroelectric and Piezoelectric Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
- Keywords
- thin-film lithium niobate, integrated photonics, optical modulators, microwave photonics, quantum information, optical computing, optical loss
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