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Monogamy and the Prairie Vole
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“Prairie voles display characteristics associated with a monogamous lifestyle, including a lack of sexual dimorphism, biparental care of offspring, and the formation of pair bonds between males and females [536].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [536]
In the citing paper
“Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) show various social behaviors, such as social bonding, nurturing, allogrooming, and huddling more often than other rodents such as mice and rats (Aragona and Wang, 2004; Carter and Getz, 1993; Getz and Carter, 1996; Getz and Hofmann, 1986).”
From Helping behavior in prairie voles: a model of empathy and the importance of oxytocin (2022) · cites this paper as Carter and Getz, 1993
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Cardiovascular control is associated with pair-bond success in male prairie voles
Lewis, R. J., Wilkins, B. A., Benjamin, B., & Curtis, J. T. (2017) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2017.10.002 · Cited by 8
Toor, I., Maynard, R., Peng, X., Beery, A. K., & Holmes, M. M. (2022) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2022.860885 · Cited by 8
“, 1992; Carter and Getz, 1993) and male (Blocker and Ophir, 2016) prairie voles prefer their partner to an opposite-sex stranger and show increased aggression toward unfamiliar conspecifics as a form of territorial or mate defense behavior (Carter and Getz, 1993; Young et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialRethinking the Architecture of Attachment: New Insights into the Role for Oxytocin Signaling
Berendzen, K. M., & Manoli, D. S. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00142-5 · Cited by 9
“Prairie voles display long-term social attachments between mates (and peers), as mating partners show an enduring pair bond characterized by preference for spending time in close contact with a partner (Carter & Getz, 1993; DeVries et al., 1996; Getz et al., 1981).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialFine-scale spatial patterns of genetic relatedness among resident adult prairie voles
Keane, B., Ross, S., Crist, T. O., & Solomon, N. G. (2015) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv128 · Cited by 8
Prairie Voles as a Model to Screen Medications for the Treatment of Alcoholism and Addictions
Ryabinin, A. E., & Hostetler, C. M. (2016) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2016.02.019 · Cited by 9
McNeal, N., Watanasriyakul, W. T., Normann, M. C., Akinbo, O. I., Dagner, A., Ihm, E., Wardwell, J., & Grippo, A. J. (2019) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2019.03.003 · Cited by 9
Female prairie vole mate-choice is affected by the males’ birth litter composition
Curtis, J. T. (2010) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.020 · Cited by 8
“Both sexes typically form long-term pairbonds with their partners that extend beyond the breeding season, share a common nest, vigorously defend their mates against contact with conspecifics, and both sexes provide parental care [20].”
Interactions in family pairs and parental care in captive steppe lemming (Lagurus lagurus)
Gromov, V. S. (2010) · Contemporary Problems of Ecology · doi:10.1134/s1995425510010212 · Cited by 8
Ferkin, M. H., & delBarco‐Trillo, J. (2013) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1016/j.mambio.2013.06.003 · Cited by 8
Ferkin, M. H. (2001) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0671-3_46 · Cited by 8
The evolution of sociality in rodents: a family affair
Gromov, V. S. (2017) · Russian Journal of Theriology · doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.16.1.05 · Cited by 7
Monogamy in Mammals: Expanding the Perspective on Hylobatid Mating Systems
Morino, L. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-88604-6_14 · Cited by 7
“References: 1. Brotherton et al. 1997; 2. Buech 1995; 3. Carter and Getz, 1993; 4. Curtis and Zaramody 1998; 5. Digby 1999; 6. Fernandez-Duque et al. 200 8; 7. Fernandez-”
Pan, Y., Liu, Y., Lieberwirth, C., Zhang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.026 · Cited by 7
“Pair-bonded males and females occupy a common nest and guard the territory against unfamiliar conspecifics, and both the male and female provide parental care of their offspring (Wilson, 1982; FitzGerald and Madison, 1983; McGuire and Novak, 1984; GruderAdams and Getz, 1985; Getz and Hofmann, 1986; Oliveras and Novak,…”
BackgroundInfluentialHostetler, C. M., Harkey, S. L., & Bales, K. L. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.02.010 · Cited by 7
“Prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster) are microtine rodents that are characterized by affiliative social behaviors including selective partner preferences, biparental care, and cooperative breeding [15].”
BackgroundPneumocystis cariniiin arvicoline rodents: seasonal, interspecific, and geographic differences
Laakkonen, J., Soveri, T., Henttonen, H. A., & Niemimaa, J. (1995) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z95-112 · Cited by 7
Parental care in captive red-backed vole (Clethrionomys rutilus)
Gromov, V. S. (2009) · Contemporary Problems of Ecology · doi:10.1134/s1995425509030175 · Cited by 6
Pair-bonding behaviour of the sister species Microtus lusitanicus and M. duodecimcostatus
Duarte, M. A., Mathias, M. D. L., & Bastos‐Silveira, C. (2015) · Journal of Ethology · doi:10.1007/s10164-015-0434-8 · Cited by 6
“ochrogaster is observed in both nature (Getz et al. 1981; Carter and Getz 1993) and captivity (Williams et al.”
Microbiome and Metabolome Variation as Indicator of Social Stress in Female Prairie Voles
Nuccio, D. A., Normann, M. C., Zhou, H., Grippo, A. J., & Singh, P. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021677 · Cited by 7
Neurobiology of disaster exposure: fear, anxiety, trauma, and resilience
Smith, R. P., Katz, C. L., Charney, D. S., & Southwick, S. M. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544415.006 · Cited by 5
The role of avpr1a microsatellite length on reproductive success of female Microtus ochrogaster
Harris, M. N., Alvarez, R. M., Keane, B., Talib, A. D., Eiswerth, M. J., & Solomon, N. G. (2014) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/1568539x-00003178 · Cited by 5
The central oxytocinergic system of the prairie vole
Ramos, E., Jiron, G. M., Danoff, J. S., Anderson, Z., Carter, C. S., Perkeybile, A. M., Connelly, J. J., & Erişir, A. (2024) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-024-02832-1 · Cited by 4
“…due to its behavioral characteristics that closely resemble human behavior such as pair bonding and allo-parenting, which heavily rely on oxytocinergic signaling (Carter and Getz 1993; Perkeybile et al. 2015; Bosch et al. 2016; Hiura and Ophir 2018; Carter et al. 2020; Loth and Donaldson 2021).”
BackgroundSelf-citationGomes, L. A. P., Mira, A. P. P., & Barata, E. N. (2013) · ZOOLOGICAL SCIENCE · doi:10.2108/zsj.30.248 · Cited by 5
“The monogamous mating system of the Cabrera vole share many features with that described for a congener, the prairie vole (Carter and Getz, 1993; Getz and Carter, 1996).”
BackgroundMale prairie voles with different avpr1a microsatellite lengths do not differ in courtship behaviour
Graham, B. M., Solomon, N. G., Noe, D. A., & Keane, B. (2016) · Behavioural Processes · doi:10.1016/j.beproc.2016.04.006 · Cited by 5
Oxytocin receptor controls promiscuity and development in prairie volesPreprint
Sharma, R., Berendzen, K. M., Everitt, A., Wang, B., Williams, G., Wang, S., Quine, K., Larios, R., Long, K. L. P., Hoglen, N. E. G., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.25.613753 · Cited by 5
Asynchronous breeding in the socially monogamous prairie vole
Wolff, J. O., Ophir, A. G., & Phelps, S. M. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z08-005 · Cited by 4
“1981, 1993; Carter and Getz 1993; Ophir et al. 2008) and males provide extensive parental care (e.g., Thomas and Birney 1979; Oliveras and Novak 1986). Females and males form pair bonds and share the same homerange space (Hofmann et al. 1984). According to the Emlen and Oring (1977) model, monogamy should be associate…”
Understanding social attachment as a window into the neural basis of prosocial behavior
Berendzen, K. M. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1247480 · Cited by 4
“Adult pair bonds are characterized by long-term, preferential mating between two individuals and the active rejection of novel potential mates (14, 17, 41).”
BackgroundThe intertwining of oxytocin's effects on social affiliation and inflammation
Kingsbury, M. A. (2024) · Comprehensive Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.cpnec.2024.100239 · Cited by 5
“While many species are socially monogamous, the relevant neural mechanism that supports pair-bonding had only been thus described for prairie voles, based on the seminal findings of Sue Carter and her colleagues of OT ’ s promotion of partner preference and pair bonding in prairie voles [11].”
BackgroundFerri, S. L., Rohrbach, C. J., Way, S. E., Curtis, K. S., Curtis, J. T., & Flanagan‐Cato, L. M. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.10.001 · Cited by 4
Yamoah, D., Williams-Baginski, K., & Bamshad, M. J. (2008) · Canadian Journal of Zoology · doi:10.1139/z07-133 · Cited by 4
“In the laboratory, prairie vole breeding pairs display behaviors that are characteristic of a monogamous mating system, including selective partner preference, co-nesting, and joint parental care (Carter and Getz 1993).”
BackgroundMethodOxytocin receptor controls promiscuity and development in prairie volesPreprint
Sharma, R., Berendzen, K. M., Everitt, A., Wang, B., Williams, G., Wang, S., Quine, K., Larios, R., Long, K. L. P., Hoglen, N. E. G., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.104889.1 · Cited by 5
Evolution of Neuropeptide Signaling: From a Single Cell to Mammals
Krabichler, Q., & Grinevich, V. (2025) · Masterclass in neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-80209-6_1 · Cited by 3
Methods for measuring fine-scale social proximity in small mammals
Davidson, M., Solomon, N. G., Keane, B., & Dantzer, B. (2025) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyaf032 · Cited by 3
The effects of oxytocin on social behavior and eye gaze: Insights from dog-human partnership
Yuan, S., & Zhang, Y. (2026) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2026.106602 · Cited by 3
Schaepe, C. A., & Hiura, L. C. (2025) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2025.105778 · Cited by 5
Effects of classical music on behavioral stress reactivity in socially isolated prairie voles
Chavez, Y., Meng, H., Liu, Y., Mayer, J. F., Campbell, N., Wright, C. G., Amidei, A., Butail, I., Fields, S., Green, M. R., et al. (2025) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.70044 · Cited by 3
“…cooperative breeding, and the development of strong social bonds among family members and with other conspecifics of the same or opposite sex 23,24,68,69 —provide a valuable model to investigate the influence of music exposure on protecting against consequences of social isolation, as well as…”
Adaptive Behaviour: Understanding the Human Animal
Soler, M. (2012) · Cited by 3
Johnson, M., Zweig, J. A., Zhang, Y., Nunez, L., Ryabinina, O. P., Hibert, M., & Ryabinin, A. E. (2024) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-024-02993-x · Cited by 3
Prairie voles seek social contact with peer companions during immune challenge
Young, G. K., Chernyak, D., Naik, G. A., Song, S. E., & Beery, A. K. (2024) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2024.105653 · Cited by 6
“In a laboratory environment, voles rapidly form ‘partner preferences ’ for a familiar companion over an unfamiliar vole and, given the choice, prefer to huddle with this known companion (Beery, 2021; Carter and Getz, 1993).”
Effects of short-term isolation on social behaviors in prairie voles
Madrid, J. E., Pranic, N. M., Chu, S., Bergstrom, J. J. D., Singh, R., Rabinovich, J., Lopez, K. A., Ophir, A. G., & Tschida, K. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0313172 · Cited by 4
The effect of pair bonding in Cabrera vole’s scent marking
Gomes, L. A. P., Salgado, P. M. P., Barata, E. N., & Mira, A. P. P. (2013) · acta ethologica · doi:10.1007/s10211-013-0151-7 · Cited by 3
Dissecting diversity in the social brain
Robinson, G. E. (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aad8071 · Cited by 3
Hirsch, H. V. B., Tieman, S. B., Barth, M., & GHIRADELLA, H. T. (2001) · Handbook of behavioral neurobiology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-1209-7_4 · Cited by 3
Alloparental care in social muroid rodents
Gromov, V. S. (2023) · Russian Journal of Theriology · doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.22.2.08 · Cited by 2
Kovalev, D. Y., Amidei, A., Akinbo, O. I., Linley, J., Crandall, T., Endsley, L., & Grippo, A. J. (2024) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.15264 · Cited by 2
Dopamine Regulation of Pair Bonding in Monogamous Prairie Voles
Gobrogge, K. L., Liu, Y., & Wang, Z. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-374285-8.00022-6 · Cited by 2
The evolution of sociality in rodents: Is the traditional socioecological approach universal?
Gromov, V. S. (2013) · Biology Bulletin Reviews · doi:10.1134/s2079086413040038 · Cited by 2
“…aggregations (that is, family groups); under such con ditions, a low population density hinders the search for sexual mates, which makes the formation of stable pairs that give rise to monogamous families more ben eficial (Carter and Getz, 1993; Getz and Carter, 1996; Getz and McGuire, 1997).”
BackgroundPartner Preference and Mating System of the Taiwan Field Vole ("Microtus kikuchii")
Lee, C.-C., Chiu, C., Lin, L.-K., & Lin, K. Y. (2014) · TAIWANIA · doi:10.6165/tai.2014.59.127 · Cited by 2
“However, a list of characteristics has been proposed (Kleiman, 1977; Carter and Getz, 1993; Carter et al., 1995) to determine if monogamy occurred.”
BackgroundInfluentialGrippo, A. J., Akinbo, O. I., Amidei, A., Wardwell, J., Normann, M. C., Ciosek, S., & Kovalev, D. Y. (2023) · Autonomic Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.autneu.2023.103145 · Cited by 2
Multiple mating by females and multiple paternity in rodents: ? cross-species comparative analysis
Gromov, V. S. (2024) · Russian Journal of Theriology · doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.23.1.07 · Cited by 2
“Nevertheless, extra-pair copulations have been reported even in socially monogamous species, such as Meriones unguiculatus (Ågren et al ., 1989; Gromov, 2022), Microtus socialis (Gromov, 2023), and Microtus ochrogaster (Carter & Getz, 1993; Wolff & Dunlap, 2002).”
Genetic Influences on Moral Capacity: What Genetic Mutants Can Teach Us
Boniolo, G., & Vezzoni, P. (2006) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511498428.007 · Cited by 2
Oxytocin receptor controls promiscuity and development in prairie volesPreprint
Sharma, R., Berendzen, K. M., Everitt, A., Wang, B., Williams, G., Wang, S., Quine, K., Larios, R., Long, K. L. P., Hoglen, N. E. G., et al. (2025) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.104889 · Cited by 3
Sailer, L. L., Finton, C. J., Patel, P. P., Bogdanowicz, S. M., & Ophir, A. G. (2024) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1355807 · Cited by 1
“Prairie voles are socially monogamous rodents that readily form long-lasting pair bonds with a mating partner (Gavish et al., 1981; Getz et al., 1981; Carter and Getz, 1993).”
BackgroundThe Neural and Genetic Basis of Romantic Love
Acevedo, B. P., Bartels, A., Sainz‐Ballesteros, A., & Grassi, P. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-76665-7_63-1 · Cited by 1
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Fundamentals of Developmental Psychobiology
Michel, G. F. (2026) · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.001.0001 · Cited by 1
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Effects of paternal deprivation in social rodents
Gromov, V. S. (2022) · Russian Journal of Theriology · doi:10.15298/rusjtheriol.21.2.03 · Cited by 2
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Deepening the understanding of social bonding and dynamics of social interactions
Ryabinin, A. E. (2022) · Genes Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1111/gbb.12804 · Cited by 1
“Studies of these species provided much insight into mechanisms of social bonding.(3,4) The authors”
BackgroundNeurobiology, Endocrinology and Behavior
Adkins–Regan, E., & Carter, C. S. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-809633-8.01176-6 · Cited by 1
Self-citationRogers, F. D., & Bales, K. L. (2022) · Affective Science · doi:10.1007/s42761-022-00168-9 · Cited by 1
“…often integrated into large social networks of extended families, life-long mating, and biparental care, all indicative of their socially monogamous and cooperatively breeding social strategy (Carter & Getz, 1993; Getz & Carter, 1996; Getz et al., 1981; Roberts et al., 1998; Williams et al., 1992).”
BackgroundDenney, K. A., Wu, M. V., Sun, S. D., Moon, S., & Tollkühn, J. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.05.12.540606 · Cited by 1
“Male prairie voles care for offspring and juveniles and show high levels of spontaneous alloparenting (Bales et al., 2006; Carter and Getz, 1993; Getz et al., 1981; Kramer et al., 2009; Lonstein and De Vries, 2000).”
BackgroundSeguchi, A., & Izawa, E. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.02.01.578519 · Cited by 1
Effects of short-term isolation on vocal and non-vocal social behaviors in prairie volesPreprint
Madrid, J. E., Pranic, N. M., Chu, S. M., Bergstrom, J. J. D., Singh, R., Rabinovich, J., Lopez, K. A., Ophir, A. G., & Tschida, K. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.02.605822 · Cited by 1
“Most prairie voles will form socially monogamous pairs and engage in biparental care [42–44].”
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Neurobiology, Endocrinology and Behavior
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“Studies in the field indicate that prairie voles form lifelong bonds with their mates and produce multiple litters together ( Carter & Getz, 1993 ).”
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Reflections on Don Juan and on the utility of the unhappy love affair
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Interactions Between Social and Drug Reward on Stimulated Dopamine Release in Male Prairie Voles
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Interactions between social relationships and alcohol drinking in prairie voles
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Establishment of induced pluripotent stem cells from prairie vole-derived fibroblast
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“Ses collègues pharmacologues furent alertés à propos de ces compor-tements radicalement opposés au sein d ’ une même espèce animale, qu ’ ils con fi rmèrent en laboratoire (Carter & Getz, 1993).”
The neurohormonal basis of social attachment: oxytocin in regulating pair and maternal bonds
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Neurobiology, endocrinology and behavior
Adkins–Regan, E., & Carter, C. S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-29068-8.00027-1
Self-citationSeguchi, A., & Izawa, E. (2024) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.103406
Black, A. B., Komatsu, N., Zhao, J., Taskey, S. R., Serrano, N. S., Sharma, R., Manoli, D. S., Landry, M. P., & Beery, A. K. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.05.15.654128
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“These include patterns that fluctuate with circadian rhythms, 58 shift as a result of prolonged social experience, 31 or evolve gradually during development.”
The Neural and Genetic Basis of Romantic Love
Acevedo, B. P., Bartels, A., Sainz‐Ballesteros, A., & Grassi, P. R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-94512-0_63
Tripp, J. A., Berrío, A., McGraw, L. A., Matz, M. V., Davis, J. K., Inoue, K., Thomas, J. W., Young, L. J., & Phelps, S. M. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.14707895
Ernst Mayr and Causation in Biology
Michel, G. F. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.005.0003
Michel, G. F. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.003.0003
List of Abbreviations Used in Book
Michel, G. F. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.005.0001
The Extended Evolutionary Synthesis and Basic Concepts in Evolution
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A Little History and Some Definitions
Michel, G. F. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.003.0001
Michel, G. F. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.003.0005
Michel, G. F. (2026) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197835807.005.0002
Metadata
- Authors
- Carter, C. S., & Getz, L. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- ORCID
- Carter, C. Sue
- Venue
- Scientific American
- Published
- 1993-06
- Volume
- 268
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 100-106
- ISSN
- 0036-8733 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1991551843
- Cited by
- 310
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 6.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Scientific American (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Animal Behavior and Reproduction
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Neuroendocrine regulation and behavior
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Keywords
- monogamy, Microtus ochrogaster, pair bonding, social behavior, animal behavior
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Arvicolinae, Female, Male, Sexual Behavior, Animal, Gonadal Steroid Hormones
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