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Cited by 72Vitamin D Research StudiesNutrition and Health StudiesNutritional Studies and Diet

Impact of national fortification of fluid milks and margarines with vitamin D on dietary intake and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in 4-year-old children

Piirainen, T, Laitinen, K, Isolauri, E·2007·European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
DOI 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602506
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Abstract

Objective To assess the impact of national fortification of fluid milks and margarines with vitamin D on dietary intake and on serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration in Finnish 4-year-old children.Design, subjects and methods Two cohorts of children were studied during wintertime, one before (n=82) in 2001-2002 and the other after (n=36) the initiation of fortification in 2003-2004. Dietary intake was estimated by 4-day food records and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was analyzed by radioimmunoassay.Results The mean intake of vitamin D was higher the after initiation of fortification (mean (95% confidence interval (CI)); 4.5 (3.8-5.1) microg) than before it (2.1 (95% CI 1.8-2.3) microg; P<0.001), although there were no differences in consumption of the main food sources of vitamin D between the two cohorts. The difference between the cohorts was also evident when the intake of vitamin D was adjusted for energy intake (0.78 (95% CI 0.70-0.90) and 0.37 (95% CI 0.32-0.42) microg/MJ after and before fortification, respectively, P<0.001). After fortification, the mean intake approached that recommended, but was achieved by only 30.6% of the children. Equally, the serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration was higher after fortification (64.9 (95% CI 59.7-70.1) nmol/l) compared to prior it (54.7 (95% CI 51.0-58.4) nmol/l; P=0.002).Conclusions The results indicate that the national fortification of fluid milks and margarines with vitamin D safely improved the vitamin D status of children. This approach, in view of the novel health effects beyond bone metabolism, encourages fortification of new food sources with vitamin D or use of vitamin D supplements particularly during wintertime.

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  • Mandatory vitamin D food fortification and dietary supplementation policies may have improved vitamin D status in Finnish populations and may explain the lower AD prevalence estimate in Finland compared with Sweden.

    “Mandatory vitamin D food fortification of certain foods and dietary supplementation policies may have improved vitamin D status in Finish populations [48,49,50], and may explain the lower prevalence estimate for AD in this country.”

    From Vitamin D and Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Literature Review (2016) · cites this paper as [48]

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Authors
Piirainen, T., Laitinen, K., & Isolauri, E.
Affiliations
  • Turku University Hospital (FI)
  • University of Turku (FI)
Corresponding author
Piirainen, T
ORCID
Venue
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2006-08-02
Volume
61
Issue
1
Pages
123-128
ISSN
  • 0954-3007 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-5640
DOI
10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602506
OpenAlex
W2078870948
Cited by
72
References
30
Citations by year
2025: 1 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 4
FWCI
1.85
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
Locations
  • European Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Vitamin D Research Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Keywords
vitamin D fortification, fluid milk, margarine, vitamin D intake, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D status, children, winter, food fortification
MeSH terms
Animals, Child Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Child, Preschool, Female, Finland, Food, Fortified, Humans, Male, Margarine, Milk, Nutritional Requirements, Seasons, Sunlight, Vitamin D, Cohort Studies, Confidence Intervals, Odds Ratio

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