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An investigation of inbreeding depression and purging in captive pedigreed populations
Open accessAbstract
We use regression models to investigate the effects of inbreeding in 119 zoo populations, encompassing 88 species of mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians. Meta-analyses show that inbreeding depression for neonatal survival was significant across the 119 populations although the severity of inbreeding depression appears to vary among taxa. However, few predictors of a population's response to inbreeding are found reliable. The models are most likely to detect inbreeding depression in large populations, that is, in populations in which their statistical power is maximised. Purging was found to be significant in 14 populations and a significant trend of purging was found across populations. The change in inbreeding depression due to purging averaged across the 119 populations is <1%, however, suggesting that the fitness benefits of purging are rarely appreciable. The study re-emphasises the necessity to avoid inbreeding in captive breeding programmes and shows that purging cannot be relied upon to remove deleterious alleles from zoo populations.
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“Reduced fitness levels and shortened lifespans are also documented in such selectively bred populations [77,78].”
From Tiger colour morphs in zoos raise conservation and welfare concerns (2026) · cites this paper as [77]
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“The selective pressure to produce colour morphs often results in inbreeding depression, which refers to a reduction in biological fitness caused by the mating of closely related individuals [77].”
From Tiger colour morphs in zoos raise conservation and welfare concerns (2026) · cites this paper as [77]
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Tiger colour morphs in zoos raise conservation and welfare concerns
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Isolated Demes as a Genetic Management Strategy for Ex Situ Conservation Programs.
Fienieg, E., Helsen, P., & Zimmerman, B. (2026) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.70116
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“…small effective population sizes, will experience population dynamics such as limited migration and small population sizes, which generally have strong effects on inbreeding dynamics and purging of deleterious variation (Boakes et al. 2007; Caballero et al. 2017; Hedrick and Garcia-Dorado 2016).”
Tan, H. Z., Stuart, K. C., Guhlin, J. G., Vi, T., Patel, S., Duntsch, L., Ewen, J. G., Brekke, P., & Santure, A. W. (2026) · Evolutionary Applications · doi:10.1111/eva.70252
“Deliberate purging remains scarcely practised due to great uncertainty about its success and the potential harm to populations (Boakes et al. 2007; Leberg and Firmin 2008).”
Unfolding admixed ancestry and genomic diversity in zoo giraffes
Fraser, M., Heller, R., Bertola, L., Hvilsom, C., Balboa, R., Liu, X., & Brüniche-Olsen, A. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1007/s10592-025-01757-4
“The risk of inbreeding is often exacerbated in zoos, where relatively small population sizes make the matings between relatives hard to avoid (Boakes et al. 2007).”
A study on closed breeding of Hanwoo for preservation and genetic diversity
Kim, H., Jin, S., Won, J., Kang, S.-S., Kim, S. W., Kim, E., Jang, S.-S., Baek, Y., Moon, S.-J., Park, M., et al. (2024) · Journal of Animal Breeding and Genomics · doi:10.12972/jabng.20240304
“근친도의 증가는 유우와 육우 모두에서 번식 능력 및 생산성의 저하 (Carolino and Gama, 2008; Charlesworth and Willis, 2009; Pereira et al., 2016; Doekes et al., 2019) 를 일으킬 뿐만 아니라 동형 접합체의 빈도를 높임으로써 집단의 유전적 다양성도 저하시킬 수 있다 (Charlesworth, 2003; Boakes et al., 2007).”
Long-term effect of inbreeding in the yellow steppe lemming, Eolagurus luteus, captive colony
Streltsov, V. V., Ilchenko, O. G., & Котенкова, Е. В. (2024) · Current Zoology · doi:10.1093/cz/zoae051
“…emphasizes the importance of developing conservation management programs allowing to avoid close inbreeding and eliminate inbreeding depression in groups of animals kept in captivity (Ballou and Lacy 1995; Laikre 1999; Lacy 2000; Boakes et al. 2007; Ivy and Lacy 2010; Caballero et al. 2017).”
Przysiecki, P., Filistowicz, A., Skotarczak, E., Dobrzyńska, P., & Szwaczkowski, T. (2023) · Animal science journal = Nihon chikusan Gakkaiho · doi:10.1111/asj.13807
Quilicot, A., & Baumung, R. (2012) · Annals of tropical research/Annals of tropical research (Visayas State University-Online) · doi:10.32945/atr3417.2012
Conservation Biology, Quantitative Genetics in
Caballero, A. (2016) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800049-6.00056-1
Metadata
- Authors
- Boakes, E. H., Wang, J., & Amos, W.
- Affiliations
- Zoological Society of London (GB)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Boakes, E H
- Venue
- Heredity
- Published
- 2006-12-20
- Volume
- 98
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 172-182
- ISSN
- 0018-067X (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2540
- OpenAlex
- W2010618800
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 68
- Citations by year
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- FWCI
- 3.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Heredity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic diversity and population structure
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic and phenotypic traits in livestock
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Evolution and Genetic Dynamics
- Keywords
- inbreeding depression, purging, captive breeding, zoo populations, neonatal survival, deleterious alleles, pedigree management, conservation genetics, mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians
- MeSH terms
- Amphibians, Animals, Animals, Newborn, Animals, Zoo, Birds, Female, Inbreeding, Male, Mammals, Models, Genetic, Pedigree, Regression Analysis, Reptiles, Genetic Variation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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