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Parental overweight, socioeconomic status and high birth weight are the major determinants of overweight and obesity in 5–7 y-old children: baseline data of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)

Danielzik, S, Czerwinski-Mast, M, Langnäse, K, Dilba, B, Müller, M J·2004·International Journal of Obesity

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Abstract

Objectives To identify the major risk factors of overweight and obesity in prepubertal children.Design Cross-sectional study.Setting In all, 32 primary schools in Kiel (248 000 inhabitants), northwest Germany.Subjects A total of 2631 5-7-y-old German children and their parents.Main outcome measures Weight status, socio-economic status (SES), parental overweight, dietary intake, activity, inactivity and further determinants (birth weight, breast feeding, nutritional status of siblings) of the children.Results The prevalence of overweight (>/=90th BMI percentile of reference) was 9.2% in boys and 11.2% in girls, respectively. Considered univariately, family-, environment- and development-related determinants showed some relations to overweight and obesity. In multivariate analyses parental overweight, a low SES as well as a high birth weight were the strongest independent risk factors of overweight and obesity in children. Additionally, there were sex-specific risk factors: parental smoking and single households were risk factors in boys, whereas a low activity was associated with obesity in girls. Birth weight was associated with obesity, but not with overweight. The prevalence of obesity reached 29.2% in boys and 33.4% in girls with all the three main risk factors.Conclusions Overweight families of low SES have the highest risk of overweight and obese children. Future prevention programmes must also take into account sex-specific risk factors.

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Background
Predicting childhood obesity using electronic health records and publicly available data
Hammond, R., Athanasiadou, R., Curado, S., Aphinyanaphongs, Y., Abrams, C. B., Messito, M. J., Gross, R. S., Katzow, M. W., Jay, M. R., Razavian, N., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0215571 · Cited by 90
Associations between family circumstance and weight status of Australian children
Hesketh, K. D., Crawford, D. A., Salmon, J., Jackson, M., & Campbell, K. J. (2007) · International Journal of Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1080/17477160601148554 · Cited by 80
Environmental correlates of adiposity in 9–10 year old children: Considering home and school neighbourhoods and routes to school
Harrison, F., Jones, A., van Sluijs, E. M. F., Cassidy, A., Bentham, G., & Griffin, S. J. (2011) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.02.023 · Cited by 75
Predictors and dietary consequences of frequent intake of high-sugar, low-nutrient foods in 1-year-old children participating in the ABIS study
Brekke, H. K., van Odijk, J., & Ludvigsson, J. (2007) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114507244460 · Cited by 76
“Parental overweight has been shown to be an independent risk factor for overweight in children (Danielzik et al. 2004), but has to our knowledge not previously been related to early feeding of sugar-rich foods.”
Background
Dietary Quality Index and Associated Factors among Adolescents of the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil
de Andrade, S. C., Barros, M. B. D. A., Carandina, L., Goldbaum, M., César, C. L. G., & Fisberg, R. M. (2009) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2009.09.066 · Cited by 74
Importance of Age for 3-Year Continuous Behavioral Obesity Treatment Success and Dropout Rate
Danielsson, P., Svensson, V., Kowalski, J. H., Nyberg, G., Ekblom, Ö. B., & Marcus, C. (2012) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000336060 · Cited by 73
The financial costs, behaviour and psychology of obesity: A one health analysis
Bomberg, E., Birch, L., Endenburg, N., German, A. J., Neilson, J., Seligman, H., Takashima, G., & Day, M. J. (2017) · Journal of Comparative Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.jcpa.2017.03.007 · Cited by 71
“Children whose parents have obesity are more likely to develop obesity themselves (Danielzik et al. , 2004), reﬂecting the conjoint inﬂuences of genetic and environmental factors (Frayling et al. , 2007).”
First lessons from the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)
Danielzik, S., Pust, S., Landsberg, B., & Müller, M. J. (2005) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803099 · Cited by 70
Self-citation
In utero exposure to cigarette chemicals induces sex-specific disruption of one-carbon metabolism and DNA methylation in the human fetal liver
Drake, A. J., O’Shaughnessy, P. J., Bhattacharya, S., Monteiro, A., Kerrigan, D., Goetz, S., Raab, A., Rhind, S. M., Sinclair, K. D., Meharg, A. A., et al. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-014-0251-x · Cited by 70
“Furthermore, since exposure to maternal smoking during pregnancy has sex-specific effects on fetal growth [19,20], the expression of steroidogenic and metabolic genes in fetal liver [21,22] and on the later risk of being overweight/obese [23], we postulated that any effects would be sex-specific.”
Background
The Impact of Maternal Glycemia and Obesity on Early Postnatal Growth in a Nondiabetic Caucasian Population
Knight, B., Shields, B. M., Hill, A., Powell, R. J., Wright, D. E., & Hattersley, A. T. (2007) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc06-1849 · Cited by 69
Micro‐level analysis of childhood obesity, diet, physical activity, residential socioeconomic and social capital variables: where are the obesogenic environments in Leeds?
Procter, K. L., Clarke, G., Ransley, J. K., & Cade, J. E. (2008) · Area · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00822.x · Cited by 68
“Other authors corroborate this result, although using other markers; for example, education level as a proxy for socioeconomic status, with children from families with lower education levels having a higher risk of childhood obesity (Danielzik et al. 2004; Lamerz et al. 2005; Romon et al. 2005), although this effect c…”
Result
Parental socioeconomic status and soft drink consumption of the child. The mediating proportion of parenting practices
Coen, V. D., Vansteelandt, S., Maes, L., Huybrechts, I., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., & Vereecken, C. A. (2012) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2012.03.024 · Cited by 69
Obesity in 4‐year‐old children more prevalent in girls and in municipalities with a low socioeconomic level
Blomquist, H. K. S., & Bergström, E. (2006) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2006.00018.x · Cited by 70
“The risk of childhood overweight tracking into adult obesity increases with the degree of obesity, the age of the child, and parental obesity (3,4).”
Background
Organized sport and physical activity participation and body mass index in children and youth: A longitudinal study
Cairney, J., & Veldhuizen, S. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.04.005 · Cited by 69
“Existing work supports important roles for parent overweight status, family socioeconomic status, and birth weight (Danielzik et al., 2004), as well as nutrition”
Background
Gut Microbioma Population: An Indicator Really Sensible to Any Change in Age, Diet, Metabolic Syndrome, and Life-Style
Noce, A., Tarantino, A., Claudette, T. D., Vasili, E., LORENZO, A. D., & Nicola, D. D. (2014) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2014/901308 · Cited by 72
Obesity and the risk for mental disorders in a representative German adult sample
Hach, I., Ruhl, U. E., Klose, M., Klotsche, J., Kirch, W., & Jacobi, F. (2006) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckl227 · Cited by 68
Fetoplacental Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction as an Early Phenomenon in the Programming of Human Adult Diseases in Subjects Born from Gestational Diabetes Mellitus or Obesity in Pregnancy
Leiva, A., Pardo, F., Ramírez, M. A., Farías, M., Casanello, P. C., & Sobrevía, L. (2011) · Experimental Diabetes Research · doi:10.1155/2011/349286 · Cited by 68
“Thus, prevention of childhood and adult obesity may require beginning even before conception [145–147].”
Background
Taking the long view: The prenatal environment and early adolescent overweight
Salsberry, P. J., & Reagan, P. B. (2007) · Research in Nursing & Health · doi:10.1002/nur.20215 · Cited by 66
Factors Associated with Overweight and Obesity among Children of Mexican Descent: Results of a Binational Study
Rosas, L. G., Guendelman, S., Harley, K. G., Fernald, L. C. H., Neufeld, L. M., Mejía‐Rodríguez, F., & Eskenazi, B. (2010) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-010-9332-x · Cited by 66
“Maternal weight status was a strong correlate of child weight status in both the Mexican-American and Mexican children sampled, which has also been shown in other studies [73, 74].”
Result
School‐based interventions to prevent overweight and obesity in prepubertal children: process and 4‐years outcome evaluation of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)
Danielzik, S., Pust, S., & Müller, M. J. (2007) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00165.x · Cited by 66
“ORs were adjusted for age, baseline BMI, TSF or WC of children as well as SES and weight status of mothers because these variables were found to be the major determinants of childhood overweight (11).”
MethodSelf-citation
Influence of Physical Inactivity on Associations Between Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Genetic Predisposition to Childhood Obesity
Xi, B., Wang, C., Wu, L., Zhang, M., Shen, Y., Zhao, X., Wang, X., & Mi, J. (2011) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwr008 · Cited by 65
Social vulnerabilities as risk factor of childhood obesity development and their role in prevention programs
Iguacel, I., Gasch‐Gallén, À., Ayala‐Marín, A. M., Miguel‐Etayo, P. D., & Moreno, L. A. (2020) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-020-00697-y · Cited by 67
Determinants of overweight with concurrent stunting among Ghanaian children
Atsu, B. K., Guure, C. B., & Laar, A. K. (2017) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0928-3 · Cited by 65
“Determinants of overweight as reviewed from literature include; parental overweight [32, 33]; a male child with a young overweight mother [23]; age and household composition [34] occupation of the mother and mother’s BMI [35]; socioeconomic class and ethnic variables [36] family size and income [37, 38].”
Background
Determinants of the prevalence and incidence of overweight in children and adolescents
Plachta‐Danielzik, S., Landsberg, B., Johannsen, M., Lange, D., & Müller, M. J. (2010) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980010000583 · Cited by 64
“in 5- to 7-year-old children, different determinants were observed between overweight and obesity((37)).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Common familial influences on clustering of metabolic syndrome traits with central obesity and insulin resistance: the Kiel obesity prevention study
Bosy‐Westphal, A., Onur, S., Geisler, C., Wolf, A., Korth, O., Pfeuffer, M., Schrezenmeir, J., Krawczak, M., & Müller, M. J. (2006) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803481 · Cited by 64
Self-citation
Prevention of overweight in preschool children: results of kindergarten-based interventions
Jouret, B., Ahluwalia, N., Dupuy, M., Cristini, C., Nègre‐Pagès, L., Grandjean, H., & Tauber, M. (2009) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/ijo.2009.166 · Cited by 62
Seasonal Variation in Physical Activity Among Preschool Children in a Northern Canadian City
Carson, V., Spence, J. C., Cutumisu, N., Boulé, N. G., & Edwards, J. (2010) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2010.10599699 · Cited by 62
Programming of Fetal Insulin Resistance in Pregnancies with Maternal Obesity by ER Stress and Inflammation
Westermeier, F., Sáez, P. J., Villalobos-Labra, R., Sobrevía, L., & Farías, M. (2014) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2014/917672 · Cited by 59
Endocrine-Mediated Mechanisms of Metabolic Disruption and New Approaches to Examine the Public Health Threat
Kassotis, C. D., & Stapleton, H. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00039 · Cited by 61
“UOG development has also been associated with increased prevalence of low birth weight and small for gestational age births in the Northeast US (38), and decreased prevalence of low birth weights and increased risk of higher birth weight babies in Colorado (39); both low (40, 41) and high (42, 43) birth weights are as…”
Background
Effects of paternal overnutrition and interventions on future generations
Billah, M. M., Khatiwada, S., Morris, M. J., & Maloney, C. (2022) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-021-01042-7 · Cited by 62
Risk factors for excess body fatness in New Zealand children.
Duncan, S., Schofield, G., Duncan, E., & Rush, E. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 54
Familial influences and obesity-associated metabolic risk factors contribute to the variation in resting energy expenditure: the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study
Bosy‐Westphal, A., Wolf, A., Bührens, F., Hitze, B., Czech, N., Mönig, H., Selberg, O., Settler, U., Pfeuffer, M., Schrezenmeir, J., et al. (2008) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/87.6.1695 · Cited by 55
Self-citation
Epidemiology of childhood overweight, obesity and their related factors in a sample of preschool children from Central Iran
Armoon, B., & Karimy, M. (2019) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-019-1540-5 · Cited by 52
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI, gestational weight gain, and infant birth weight: A within-family analysis in the United States
Yan, J. (2015) · Economics & Human Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2015.03.002 · Cited by 59
“HBW babies are at a greater risk for overweight, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and other disorders later in life (Hjalgrim et al., 2003; Danielzik et al., 2004; Harder et al., 2007; Wei et al., 2007; Mandl et al., 2009).”
Need for Optimal Body Composition Data Analysis Using Air-Displacement Plethysmography in Children and Adolescents
Bosy‐Westphal, A., Danielzik, S., Becker, C., Geisler, C., Onur, S., Korth, O., Bührens, F., & Müller, M. J. (2005) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1093/jn/135.9.2257 · Cited by 51
Self-citation
Family-based factors associated with overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children
Mushtaq, M. U., Gull, S., Shahid, U., Shafique, M. M., Abdullah, H. M., Shad, M. A., & Siddiqui, A. M. (2011) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-11-114 · Cited by 50
“Childhood obesity has been associated with higher socioeconomic class in the developing countries [24-27,42,44]; however, studies in the developed world have shown inverse association of socioeconomic class with childhood obesity [15,28-31,45-47].”
Background
Determinants of weight gain in children from 7 to 10years
Valerio, G., D’Amico, O., Adinolfi, M., Munciguerra, A., D'Amico, R., & Franzese, A. (2006) · Nutrition Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2005.10.008 · Cited by 51
Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Chinese American Children: Associations between Overweight, Acculturation, and Physical Activity
Chen, J., & Wu, Y. (2008) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2007.03.002 · Cited by 49

Authors: Danielzik, S., Czerwinski-Mast, M., Langnäse, K., Dilba, B., & Müller, M. J.
Affiliations: Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel (DE)
Corresponding author: Müller, M J
ORCID: Langnäse, K
Müller, M J
Venue: International Journal of Obesity
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2004-08-24
Volume: 28
Issue: 11
Pages: 1494-1502
ISSN: 0307-0565 (ISSN-L)
1476-5497
DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802756
OpenAlex: W1974550323
Cited by: 396
References: 49
Citations by year: 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 27 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 22.41
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: International Journal of Obesity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Danone
Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
World Cancer Research Fund
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Risks and Factors
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
Keywords: childhood obesity, childhood overweight, parental overweight, socioeconomic status, birth weight, prepubertal children, risk factors, parental smoking, single-person households, physical activity, sex differences
MeSH terms: Analysis of Variance, Birth Weight, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Family Health, Female, Germany, Humans, Male, Nutritional Status, Obesity, Parents, Risk Factors, Social Class, Logistic Models

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Parental overweight, socioeconomic status and high birth weight are the major determinants of overweight and obesity in 5–7 y-old children: baseline data of the Kiel Obesity Prevention Study (KOPS)

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