The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Experimental Stroke Induces Massive, Rapid Activation of the Peripheral Immune System
Abstract
Clinical experimental stroke induces injurious local brain inflammation. However, effects on the peripheral immune system have not been well characterized. We quantified mRNA and protein levels for cytokines, chemokines, and chemokine receptors (CCR) in brain, spinal cord, peripheral lymphoid organs (spleen, lymph node, blood, and cultured mononuclear cells from these sources), and blood plasma after reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) or sham treatment in male C57BL/6 mice. Middle cerebral artery occlusion induced a complex, but organ specific, pattern of inflammatory factors in the periphery. At both 6 and 22 h after MCAO, activated spleen cells from stroke-injured mice secreted significantly enhanced levels of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, MCP-1, and IL-2. Unstimulated splenocytes expressed increased chemokines and CCR, including MIP-2 and CCR2, CCR7 & CCR8 at 6 h; and MIP-2, IP-10, and CCR1 & CCR2 at 22 h. Also at 22 h, T cells from blood and lymph nodes secreted increased levels of inflammatory cytokines after activation. As expected, there were striking proinflammatory changes in postischemic brain. In contrast, spinal cord displayed suppression of all mediators, suggesting a compensatory response to intracranial events. These data show for the first time that focal cerebral ischemia results in dynamic and widespread activation of inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and CCR in the peripheral immune system.
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Cites
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Cited by
The immunology of stroke: from mechanisms to translation
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Regulatory T cells are key cerebroprotective immunomodulators in acute experimental stroke
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Inflammation and Stroke: An Overview
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Selective Ablation of Proliferating Microglial Cells Exacerbates Ischemic Injury in the Brain
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Metadata
- Authors
- Offner, H., Subramanian, S., Parker, S. M., Afentoulis, M. E., Vandenbark, A. A., & Hurn, P. D.
- Venue
- Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2006-05
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 654-665
- ISSN
- 0271-678X (ISSN-L)
- 1559-7016
- OpenAlex
- W2084147470
- Cited by
- 536
- References
- 38
- FWCI
- 7.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Offner, H., Subramanian, S., Parker, S. M., Afentoulis, M. E., Vandenbark, A. A., & Hurn, P. D. (2006). Experimental Stroke Induces Massive, Rapid Activation of the Peripheral Immune System. Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jcbfm.9600217
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