Dissecting the roles of Rac1 activation and deactivation in macropinocytosis using microscopic photo-manipulation
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Macropinocytosis, a fluid-phase endocytosis, is a crucial pathway for antigen uptake and presentation in macrophages. We attempted to characterise the activation and deactivation of a small GTPase molecular switch, Rac1, in macropinocytosis using microscopic photo-manipulation. Expression of genetically encoded photoactivatable-Rac1 (PA-Rac1) in RAW264 macrophages enabled the local, reversible control of macropinocytosis using blue laser irradiation. Marked membrane ruffling and unclosed pre-macropinosomes were observed in the irradiated region of macrophages under the persistent activation of PA-Rac1. Although phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and actin were also localised to this region, the recruitment of maturating endosome markers, such as phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate and Rab21, was restricted until PA-Rac1 deactivation. After deactivating PA-Rac1 by ceasing irradiation, membrane ruffling immediately receded, and the macropinosomes acquired maturation markers. These data suggest that activation of Rac1 is sufficient to induce membrane ruffling and macropinocytic cup formation, but subsequent deactivation of Rac1 is required for macropinosome closure and further maturation.
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Rac1 plays a crucial role in initiating membrane ruffle formation and macropinocytosis.
“The small GTPase Rac1 plays a crucial role in initiating membrane ruffle formation and macropinocytosis.15”
From Therapeutic targeting of syndecan-1 axis overcomes acquired resistance to KRAS-targeted therapy in gastrointestinal cancers (2025) · cites this paper as [15]
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- Authors
- Fujii, M., Kawai, K., Egami, Y., & Araki, N.
- Affiliations
- Kagawa University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Araki, Nobukazu
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2013-08-08
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 2385-2385
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3737501
- OpenAlex
- W2015615942
- Cited by
- 137
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8
- FWCI
- 5.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (23890144, 24659087, 23390039, 24890154, 25860142, 22790188)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Cellular transport and secretion
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Calcium signaling and nucleotide metabolism
- Keywords
- macropinocytosis, Rac1, small GTPase activation, photo manipulation, ruffles, phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, actin, Rab21, phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, antigen uptake, macrophages, RAW264 macrophages
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Line, Macrophage Activation, Macrophages, Pinocytosis, rac1 GTP-Binding Protein, Mice, Optical Tweezers
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