An invisible soil acidification: Critical role of soil carbonate and its impact on heavy metal bioavailability
Open accessAbstract
It is well known that carbonates inhibit heavy metals transferring from soil to plants, yet the mechanism is poorly understood. Based on the Yangtze River delta area, we investigated bioaccumulation of Ni and Cd in winter wheat as affected by the presence of carbonates in soil. This study aimed to determine the mechanism through which soil carbonates restrict transport and plant uptake of heavy metals in the wheat cropping system. The results indicate that soil carbonates critically influenced heavy metal transfer from soil to plants and presented a tipping point. Wheat grains harvested from carbonates-depleted (due to severe leaching) soils showed Ni and Cd concentrations 2-3 times higher than those of the wheat grains from carbonates-containing soils. Correspondingly, the incidence of Ni or Cd contamination in the wheat grain samples increased by about three times. With the carbonate concentration >1% in soil, uptake and bioaccumulation of Ni and Cd by winter wheat was independent with the soil pH and carbonate content. The findings suggest that soil carbonates play a critical role in heavy metal transfer from soil to plants, implying that monitoring soil carbonate may be necessary in addition to soil pH for the evaluating soil quality and food safety.
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Water passage through carbonate rocks enhances dissolution of carbonates into water.
“In addition, water passage through these rocks enhanced the dissolution of carbonates into the water [34,35].”
From Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degradation of Water Pollutants—Ambivalent Impact of Carbonate Species: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [35]
The Discussion (page unavailable) proposes that acidification causes carbonates in topsoil to dissolve and be leached. That supports carbonate dissolution, but the paper does not establish that water passing through carbonate rocks enhances dissolution into the water; it addresses acidified soils rather than rock passage. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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- Authors
- Wang, C., Li, W., Yang, Z., Chen, Y., Shao, W., & Ji, J.
- Affiliations
- Nanjing University (CN)
- University of Delaware (US)
- China University of Geosciences (Beijing) (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Ji, Junfeng
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2015-07-31
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 12735-12735
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4521204
- OpenAlex
- W2419111553
- Cited by
- 131
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Library, Museums and Press - UDSpace (University of Delaware) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (41273111, 490973062)
- China Geological Survey (12120115048301)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Heavy metals in environment
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Heavy Metals in Plants
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
- Keywords
- soil carbonates, heavy metal bioavailability, nickel, cadmium, winter wheat, heavy metal bioaccumulation, soil-to-plant transfer, soil acidification, leaching, food safety, soil quality, Yangtze River Delta
- MeSH terms
- Biological Availability, Cadmium, Carbonates, China, Hydrogen-Ion Concentration, Nickel, Soil, Soil Pollutants, Triticum, Metals, Heavy
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