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Global nitrogen budgets in cereals: A 50-year assessment for maize, rice and wheat production systems
Open accessAbstract
Industrially produced N-fertilizer is essential to the production of cereals that supports current and projected human populations. We constructed a top-down global N budget for maize, rice and wheat for a 50-year period (1961 to 2010). Cereals harvested a total of 1551 Tg of N, of which 48% was supplied through fertilizer-N and 4% came from net soil depletion. An estimated 48% (737 Tg) of crop N, equal to 29, 38 and 25 kg ha −1 yr −1 for maize, rice and wheat, respectively, is contributed by sources other than fertilizer- or soil-N. Non-symbiotic N 2 fixation appears to be the major source of this N, which is 370 Tg or 24% of total N in the crop, corresponding to 13, 22 and 13 kg ha −1 yr −1 for maize, rice and wheat, respectively. Manure (217 Tg or 14%) and atmospheric deposition (96 Tg or 6%) are the other sources of N. Crop residues and seed contribute marginally. Our scaling-down approach to estimate the contribution of non-symbiotic N 2 fixation is robust because it focuses on global quantities of N in sources and sinks that are easier to estimate, in contrast to estimating N losses per se, because losses are highly soil-, climate- and crop-specific.
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Metadata
- Authors
- Ladha, J. K., Tirol-Padre, A., Reddy, C. K., Cassman, K. G., Verma, S., Powlson, D. S., van Kessel, C., de B. Richter, D., Chakraborty, D., & Pathak, H.
- Venue
- Scientific Reports
- Published
- 2016-01-18
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 19355-19355
- ISSN
- 2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2396771251
- Cited by
- 586
- References
- 38
- FWCI
- 33.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
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