CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 69Advanced Antenna and Metasurface TechnologiesMetamaterials and Metasurfaces ApplicationsElectromagnetic Scattering and Analysis

The DOI matches its Crossref record.

Broadband diffuse terahertz wave scattering by flexible metasurface with randomized phase distribution

Open access
Zhang, Yin, Liang, Lanju, Yang, Jing, Feng, Yijun, Zhu, Bo, Zhao, Junming, Jiang, Tian, Jin, Biaobing, Liu, Weiwei·2016·Scientific Reports
DOI 10.1038/srep26875PMC PMC4881048
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Suppressing specular electromagnetic wave reflection or backward radar cross section is important and of broad interests in practical electromagnetic engineering. Here, we present a scheme to achieve broadband backward scattering reduction through diffuse terahertz wave reflection by a flexible metasurface. The diffuse scattering of terahertz wave is caused by the randomized reflection phase distribution on the metasurface, which consists of meta-particles of differently sized metallic patches arranged on top of a grounded polyimide substrate simply through a certain computer generated pseudorandom sequence. Both numerical simulations and experimental results demonstrate the ultralow specular reflection over a broad frequency band and wide angle of incidence due to the re-distribution of the incident energy into various directions. The diffuse scattering property is also polarization insensitive and can be well preserved when the flexible metasurface is conformably wrapped on a curved reflective object. The proposed design opens up a new route for specular reflection suppression and may be applicable in stealth and other technology in the terahertz spectrum.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/srep26875

Cites

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 The proposed metasurface with random phase distribution. (a) Schematics of the metasurface, the seven meta-particles with different sizes and the definition of geometric parameters. (b) The reflection phase spectrum for different meta-particles under x- and y-polarization incidence, where 1 to 7 corresponding to the elements with different side length a of 5 μm, 30 μm, 45 μm, 57.5 μm, 70 μm, 85 μm, 110 μm respectively. (c) The reflection phase at 1.2 THz as a function of a for x- and y-polarized wave incidence.
Figure 1 The proposed metasurface with random phase distribution. (a) Schematics of the metasurface, the seven meta-particles with different sizes and the definition of geometric parameters. (b) The reflection phase spectrum for different meta-particles under x- and y-polarization incidence, where 1 to 7 corresponding to the elements with different side length a of 5 μm, 30 μm, 45 μm, 57.5 μm, 70 μm, 85 μm, 110 μm respectively. (c) The reflection phase at 1.2 THz as a function of a for x- and y-polarized wave incidence.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Simulation of the far-field scattering performance. (a–h) Far-field scattering patterns of a flat metasurface under normal incidence of y- (a–d), and x-polarization (e–h) at 1.0 THz, 1.2 THz, 1.4 THz, and 1.6 THz, respectively. (i) Far-field scattering pattern of PEC plate for normal incidence with x- or y-polarization. (j) The simulated reflection spectra of three random distribution patterns of elements under normal incidence of x- or y-polarization.
Figure 2 Simulation of the far-field scattering performance. (a–h) Far-field scattering patterns of a flat metasurface under normal incidence of y- (a–d), and x-polarization (e–h) at 1.0 THz, 1.2 THz, 1.4 THz, and 1.6 THz, respectively. (i) Far-field scattering pattern of PEC plate for normal incidence with x- or y-polarization. (j) The simulated reflection spectra of three random distribution patterns of elements under normal incidence of x- or y-polarization.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 3D RCS patterns for the flexible metasurface. Simulated results under normal incidence of y-polarized wave (a–d) and x-polarized wave (f–i) at 1.0 THz, 1.2 THz, 1.4 THz, and 1.6 THz, respectively, comparing with that of the bare metal cylinder for normal incidence of y-polarized wave (e) or x-polarized wave (j).
Figure 3 3D RCS patterns for the flexible metasurface. Simulated results under normal incidence of y-polarized wave (a–d) and x-polarized wave (f–i) at 1.0 THz, 1.2 THz, 1.4 THz, and 1.6 THz, respectively, comparing with that of the bare metal cylinder for normal incidence of y-polarized wave (e) or x-polarized wave (j).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Fabricated metasurface sample and reflection measurement. (a) The photograph of the whole sample and enlarged microscope view of a super cell in the fabricated metasurface. (b) The simulated and measured reflection spectra under normal incidence for TE (black lines) or TM polarization (red lines).
Figure 4 Fabricated metasurface sample and reflection measurement. (a) The photograph of the whole sample and enlarged microscope view of a super cell in the fabricated metasurface. (b) The simulated and measured reflection spectra under normal incidence for TE (black lines) or TM polarization (red lines).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 The distributions of measured reflection coefficients in wide frequency band. The results under different incidence angles of TE (a) and TM waves (b). The results for different reflection angles under the incidence angle of 13° of TE (c) and TM waves (d).
Figure 5 The distributions of measured reflection coefficients in wide frequency band. The results under different incidence angles of TE (a) and TM waves (b). The results for different reflection angles under the incidence angle of 13° of TE (c) and TM waves (d).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 The reflection spectra of flexible metasurface. Results for metal cylinder with (black lines) and without (red lines) flexible metasurface wrapping under normal incidence of TE polarization (a) and TM polarization (b).
Figure 6 The reflection spectra of flexible metasurface. Results for metal cylinder with (black lines) and without (red lines) flexible metasurface wrapping under normal incidence of TE polarization (a) and TM polarization (b).CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 The distributions of measured reduction of reflection coefficients relative to bare metal cylinder in wide frequency band. The results under different incidence angles of TE (a) or TM polarizations (b). The results for different reflection angles under the incidence angle of 13° for TE (c) or TM polarizations (d).
Figure 7 The distributions of measured reduction of reflection coefficients relative to bare metal cylinder in wide frequency band. The results under different incidence angles of TE (a) or TM polarizations (b). The results for different reflection angles under the incidence angle of 13° for TE (c) or TM polarizations (d).CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Still being checked.

Research works printed but not linked: 35

  1. Sirtori, C. Bridge for the terahertz gap. Nature 417, 132–133 (2002). · DOI
  2. Williams, G. P. Filling the THz gap-high power sources and applications. Rep. Prog. Phy. 69, 301–326 (2006). · DOI
  3. Tonouchi, M. Cutting-edge terahertz technology. Nature Photon. 1, 97–105 (2007). · DOI
  4. Song, H. J. & Nagatsuma, T. Present and future of terahertz communications. IEEE Tran. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 1, 256–263 (2011). · DOI
  5. Ueno, Y. & Ajito, K. Analytical terahertz spectroscopy. Anal. Sci. 24, 185–192 (2008). · DOI
  6. Piesiewicz, R. et al. Short-range ultra-broadband terahertz communications: Concepts and perspectives. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 49, 24–39 (2007). · DOI
  7. Cooper, K. B. et al. THz imaging radar for standoff personnel screening. IEEE Trans. Terahertz Sci. Technol. 1, 169–182 (2011). · DOI
  8. Koenig, S. et al. Wireless sub-THz communication system with high data rate. Nat. Photonics 7, 977–981 (2013). · DOI
  9. Yen, T. J. et al. Terahertz magnetic response from artificial materials. Science 303, 1494–1496 (2004). · DOI
  10. Choi, M. et al. A terahertz metamaterial with unnaturally high refractive index. Nature 470, 369–373 (2011). · DOI
  11. Withayachumnankul, W. & Abbott, D. Metamaterials in the terahertz regime. IEEE Photonics J. 1, 99–118 (2009). · DOI
  12. Tao, H. et al. A metamaterial absorber for the terahertz regime: Design, fabrication and characterization. Opt. Express 16, 7181–7188 (2008). · DOI
  13. Bingham, C. M. et al. Planar wallpaper group metamaterials for novel terahertz applications. Opt. Express 16, 18565–18575 (2008). · DOI
  14. Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., Zhu, B., Zhao, J. & Jiang, T. Graphene based tunable metamaterial absorber and polarization modulation in terahertz frequency. Opt. Express 22, 22743–22752 (2014). · DOI
  15. Chen, H. T. et al. Active terahertz metamaterial devices. Nature 444, 597–600 (2006). · DOI
  16. Cong, L. et al. Highly flexible broadband terahertz metamaterial quarter-wave plate. Laser & Photonics Rev. 8, 626–632 (2014). · DOI
  17. Liu, L. et al. Broadband metasurfaces with simultaneous control of phase and amplitude. Adv. Mater. 26, 5031–5036 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  18. Zhang, Y., Feng, Y., Zhu, B., Zhao, J. & Jiang, T. Switchable quarter-wave plate with graphene based metamaterial for broadband terahertz wave manipulation. Opt. Express 23, 27230–27239 (2015). · DOI
  19. Wang, L. et al. Broadband tunable liquid crystal terahertz waveplates driven with porous graphene electrodes. Light: Science & Applications 4, e253 (2015). · DOI
  20. Yu, N. F. & Capasso, F. Flat optics with designer metasurfaces. Nat. Mater. 13, 139–150 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  21. Holloway, C. L. et al. An Overview of the Theory and Applications of Metasurfaces: The Two-Dimensional Equivalents of Metamaterials. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine 54, 10–35 (2012). · DOI
  22. Minovich, A. E. et al. Functional and nonlinear optical metasurfaces. Laser & Photonics Rev. 9, 195–213 (2015). · DOI
  23. Sun, S. et al. Gradient-index meta-surfaces as a bridge linking propagating waves and surface waves. Nat. Mater. 11, 426–431 (2012). · DOI
  24. Yu, N. et al. Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction. Science 334, 333–337 (2011). · DOI · Paper page
  25. Aieta, F. et al. Out-of-plane reflection and refraction of light by anisotropic optical antenna metasurfaces with phase discontinuities. Nano letters 12, 1702–1706 (2012). · DOI
  26. Ni, X., Emani, N. K., Kildishev, A. V., Boltasseva, A. & Shalaev, V. M. Broadband light bending with plasmonic nanoantennas. Science 335, 427–427 (2012). · DOI
  27. Pfeiffer, C. & Grbic, A. Metamaterial Huygens’ surfaces: tailoring wave fronts with reflectionless sheets. Phys. Rev. Lett. 110, 197401 (2013). · DOI
  28. Zhu, B. O. et al. Dynamic control of electromagnetic wave propagation with the equivalent principle inspired tunable metasurface. Scientific reports 4, 4971 (2014). · DOI
  29. Zhu, B. O. & Feng, Y. Passive metasurface for reflectionless and arbitary control of electromagnetic wave transmission. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag. 63, 5500–5511 (2015). · DOI
  30. Wang, K., Zhao, J., Cheng, Q. & Cui, T. J. Broadband and Broad-Angle Low-Scattering Metasurface Based on Hybrid Optimization Algorithm. Scientific Reports 4, 5935 (2014). · DOI
  31. Cui, T. J., Qi, M. Q., Wan, X., Zhao, J. & Cheng, Q. Coding metamaterials, digital metamaterials and programmable metamaterials. Light: Science & Applications 3, e218 (2014). · DOI · Paper page
  32. Liang, L. J. et al. Anomalous Terahertz Reflection and Scattering by Flexible and Conformal Coding Metamaterials. Adv. Optical Mater. 3, 1374–1380 (2015). · DOI
  33. Liu, S. et al. Anisotropic coding metamaterials and their powerful manipulation of differently polarized terahertz waves. Light: Science & Applications, accepted article preview 26 January 2016, doi: 10.1038/lsa.2016.76. · DOI
  34. Gao, L. H. et al. Broadband diffusion of terahertz waves by multi-bit coding metasurfaces. Light: Science & Applications 4, e324 (2015). · DOI
  35. Watts, C. M., Liu, X. & Padilla, W. J. Metamaterial electromagnetic wave absorbers. Adv. Mater. 24, OP98–OP120 (2012).

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 69

Metadata

Authors
Zhang, Y., Liang, L., Yang, J., Feng, Y., Zhu, B., Zhao, J., Jiang, T., Jin, B., & Liu, W.
Affiliations
  • Nanjing University (CN)
  • Nankai University (CN)
Corresponding author
Feng, Yijun
ORCID
Venue
Scientific Reports
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-05-26
Volume
6
Issue
1
Pages
26875-26875
ISSN
2045-2322 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1038/srep26875
PMC
PMC4881048
OpenAlex
W2400732625
Cited by
69
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 2
FWCI
16.29
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Scientific Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (61571216, 61371034, 61301017, 61571218)
  • Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China (20120091110032)
  • Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions
  • Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Manipulating Technique of Electromagnetic Wave
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Electromagnetic Scattering and Analysis
Keywords
terahertz metasurfaces, diffuse scattering, specular reflection suppression, flexible metasurface, polyimide substrate, pseudorandom sequences, polarization insensitivity, conformal metasurface, broadband scattering

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Broadband diffuse terahertz wave scattering by flexible metasurface with randomized phase distribution. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1038/srep26875
The paper
Zhang, Y., Liang, L., Yang, J., Feng, Y., Zhu, B., Zhao, J., Jiang, T., Jin, B., & Liu, W. (2016). Broadband diffuse terahertz wave scattering by flexible metasurface with randomized phase distribution. Scientific Reports. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26875