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Polarity of ionic liquids determined empirically by means of solvatochromic pyridinium N-phenolate betaine dyes
Abstract
Solutions of the zwitterionic betaine dye 2,6-diphenyl-4-(2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium-1-yl)phenolate are solvatochromic, thermochromic, piezochromic, and halochromic. That is, the position of the longest-wavelength intramolecular CT absorption band depends on the solvent polarity, solution temperature, external pressure, and the nature and concentration of added salts. The outstanding large negative solvatochromism of this standard betaine dye has been used to introduce spectroscopically an empirical scale of solvent polarity, called the ET(30) or ENT scale, which includes meanwhile a large number of molecular solvents and solvent mixtures. In this review, efforts to determine empirically the polarity of room-temperature ionic liquids by means of this betaine dye are summarized and discussed , because ionic liquids have gained importance as environmentally more benign new reaction media in the framework of Green Chemistry.
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Cites
Roles of Water for Chemical Reactions in High-Temperature Water
Akiya, N., & Savage, P. E. (2002) · Chemical Reviews · doi:10.1021/cr000668w · Cited by 1,581
Ionic liquids: solvent properties and organic reactivity
Chiappe, C., & Pieraccini, D. (2005) · Journal of Physical Organic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/poc.863 · Cited by 1,169
Cited by
Deep Eutectic Solvents: Physicochemical Properties and Gas Separation Applications
García, G., Aparicio, S., Ullah, R., & Atilhan, M. (2015) · Energy & Fuels · doi:10.1021/ef5028873 · Cited by 1,112
Low melting mixtures in organic synthesis–an alternative to ionic liquids?
Ruß, C., & König, B. (2012) · Green Chemistry · doi:10.1039/c2gc36005e · Cited by 654
Extraction of organic compounds with room temperature ionic liquids
Poole, C. F., & Poole, S. K. (2010) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2009.09.011 · Cited by 493
Recent advances on ionic liquid uses in separation techniques
Berthod, A., Ruiz-Ángel, M. J., & Carda-Broch, S. (2018) · Journal of Chromatography A · doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.044 · Cited by 293
Application of ionic liquids in microextraction techniques: Current trends and future perspectives
Marcinkowska, R., Konieczna, K., Marcinkowski, Ł., Namieśnik, J., & Kloskowski, A. (2019) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.025 · Cited by 119
Metadata
- Authors
- Reichardt, C.
- Venue
- Green Chemistry
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2005
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 339
- ISSN
- 1463-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1463-9270
- OpenAlex
- W2126852238
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 2
- FWCI
- 19.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Reichardt, C. (2005). Polarity of ionic liquids determined empirically by means of solvatochromic pyridinium N-phenolate betaine dyes. Green Chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1039/b500106b
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