The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Bottom-up fabrication of two-dimensional carbon nitride and highly sensitive electrochemical sensors for mercuric ions
Abstract
We report microwave assisted bottom-up fabrication of flat two-dimensional carbon nitride from formamide (HCONH2). Microwave irradiation of HCONH2 produces carbon nitride dots (CNDs) which are used as precursors for synthesis of carbon nitride (C3N4). The two-dimensional (2D) carbon nitride sheets are formed by evaporation induced self-assembly and condensation of CNDs on a solid substrate. The drying of CND solution generates different morphologies such as 0D carbon nitride quantum dots, 2D carbon nitride sheets and 3D carbon nitride, depending on the concentration of CNDs. The carbon nitrides are well characterized by TEM, AFM, SEM, XRD, XPS, FT-IR, FT-Raman Spectroscopy and TGA, CHN analysis. In addition, the C3N4 modified glassy carbon electrode can be used as a highly sensitive electrochemical sensor for mercuric ions in aqueous solution. The lower detection limit of Hg2+ is found to be 9.1 × 10−11 M, which is far below the WHO guideline for drinking water (10−8 M). The simultaneous electrochemical detection of Pb2+, Cu2+ and Hg2+ using a C3N4 modified GC electrode is also described.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Peak positioned at 2θ value of 27.30 corresponds to (002) plane of g-CNx with interlayer d-spacing 3.27Å which was reported previously by our group52, 53.”
From Gold aerogel supported on graphitic carbon nitride: an efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction (2015) · cites this paper as [53]
Citations
Cites
Electric Field Effect in Atomically Thin Carbon Films
Novoselov, K. S., Geim, A. K., Morozov, S. V., Jiang, D., Zhang, Y., Dubonos, S. V., Grigorieva, I. V., & Firsov, A. A. (2004) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1102896 · Cited by 66,834
Two-Dimensional Nanosheets Produced by Liquid Exfoliation of Layered Materials
Coleman, J. N., Lotya, M., O’Neill, A., Bergin, S. D., King, P. J., Khan, U., Young, K., Gaucher, A., De, S., Smith, R. J., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1194975 · Cited by 7,260
Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Nanotube Arrays with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Reduction
Gong, K., Du, F., Xia, Z., Durstock, M. F., & Dai, L. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1168049 · Cited by 7,217
Atomically precise bottom-up fabrication of graphene nanoribbons
Cai, J., Ruffieux, P., Jaafar, R., Bieri, M., Braun, T., Blankenburg, S., Muoth, M., Seitsonen, A. P., Saleh, M., Feng, X., et al. (2010) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature09211 · Cited by 3,740
Thomas, A., Fischer, A., Goettmann, F., Antonietti, M., Müller, J.-O., Schlögl, R., & Carlsson, J. M. (2008) · Journal of Materials Chemistry · doi:10.1039/b800274f · Cited by 3,454
Prediction of New Low Compressibility Solids
Liu, A. W. K., & Cohen, M. L. (1989) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.245.4920.841 · Cited by 2,697
Large Scale Growth and Characterization of Atomic Hexagonal Boron Nitride Layers
Song, L., Ci, L., Lu, H., Sorokin, P. B., Jin, C., Ni, J., Kvashnin, A. G., Kvashnin, D. G., Lou, J., Yakobson, B. I., et al. (2010) · Nano Letters · doi:10.1021/nl1022139 · Cited by 2,694
100-GHz Transistors from Wafer-Scale Epitaxial Graphene
Lin, Y.-M., Dimitrakopoulos, C. D., Jenkins, K. A., Farmer, D. B., Chiu, H., Grill, A., & Avouris, P. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1184289 · Cited by 2,514
Low-Compressibility Carbon Nitrides
Teter, D. M., & Hemley, R. J. (1996) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.271.5245.53 · Cited by 1,391
Lee, J., Han, M. S., & Mirkin, C. A. (2007) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.200700269 · Cited by 1,309
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 34 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Zhao, 2008, Adv. Mater., 9999, 1
- Filik, 2005, Spectrosc. Eur., 17, 10
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–143 of 143
Zhan, T., Tian, X., Ding, G., Liu, X., Wang, L., & Teng, H. (2018) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2018.12.068 · Cited by 21
Wang, L., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Deng, D., He, H., Yan, X., Li, Z., & Luo, L. (2022) · ACS Applied Nano Materials · doi:10.1021/acsanm.2c03728 · Cited by 20
Ning, J., Wei, J., Huang, S., Wang, F., Luo, X., Sun, C. L., Chen, D., Wei, R., Sha, L., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Analytical Methods · doi:10.1039/d1ay01587g · Cited by 20
Bui, T. S., Ma, Z., Zhong, W., Alfaza, G., Kumar, P. V., Zhou, S., Yang, Y., Li, Y., Daiyan, R., Lovell, E. C., et al. (2025) · Applied Catalysis B: Environmental · doi:10.1016/j.apcatb.2025.125954 · Cited by 19
Graphitic carbon nitride: Synthesis and characterization
Ghalkhani, M., Hassanpour‐Khaneghah, M., & Sohouli, E. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821996-6.00014-2 · Cited by 19
Nataraj, N., Chen, T.-W., Akilarasan, M., Chen, S., Al‐Ghamdi, A. A., & Elshikh, M. S. (2022) · Chemosphere · doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134765 · Cited by 18
Wang, Z., Zou, G., Feng, C., Ma, Y., Wang, X., & Bi, Y. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c6ra18999g · Cited by 18
Megalamani, M. B., Patil, Y. N., & Nandibewoor, S. T. (2022) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/1945-7111/ac8c00 · Cited by 15
A “pillared” process to construct graphitic carbon nitride based functionalized mesoporous materials
Wang, Z., Chen, L., Du, X., Zou, G., & Wang, X. (2016) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/c5ra26192a · Cited by 14
Application of Inorganic Layered Materials in Electrochemical Sensors
Sai-Dan, X. I. E., Liu, Y., Wu, Z., Shen, G., & Yu, R. (2015) · Chinese Journal of Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/s1872-2040(15)60879-9 · Cited by 13
Ultrasensitive carbon nitride nanosheets for multiplex sensing of rhodamine B and methylene blue
Bashir, N., Ali, T., Khan, I., Habib, A., Iqbal, N., & Afzal, A. (2025) · Diamond and Related Materials · doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2025.112073 · Cited by 12
Ultrasensitive Real-Time Detection of Pb2+ Ions Using g-C3N4 Nanosheets
Sharma, N., Sakthivel, A., Alwarappan, S., Gupta, A., Razeen, A. S., Patil, D. S. K., Tripathy, S., & Kumar, M. (2023) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2023.3264969 · Cited by 12
Gao, L., Zhu, Z.-Y., Feng, W.-S., Wang, Q., & Zhang, H. (2016) · The Journal of Physical Chemistry C · doi:10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b09767 · Cited by 12
Jin, S., Wu, C., Ying, Y. B., & Ye, Z. (2020) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-020-02631-7 · Cited by 12
Facile synthesis of doped CxNy QDs as photoluminescent matrix for direct detection of hydroquinone
Jaiswal, A., Kumar, A. R., & Prakash, R. (2020) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2020.119019 · Cited by 11
Anisotropic solution growth of 1D/2D N-rich carbon
Li, Z., Wang, C., Kumar, A., Jia, H., Jia, Y., Li, H., Bai, L., Zhang, G., & Sun, X. (2023) · Advanced Powder Materials · doi:10.1016/j.apmate.2023.100138 · Cited by 10
Bhowmik, T., Sadhukhan, M., Kempasiddaiah, M., & Barman, S. (2022) · Applied Organometallic Chemistry · doi:10.1002/aoc.6613 · Cited by 10
Self-citationJain, S., Trivedi, R. K., Banshiwal, J. K., Singh, A., & Chakraborty, B. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15293-1.00005-7 · Cited by 9
Photoinduced Self‐Assembly of Carbon Nitride Quantum Dots
Xing, Z., Dong, K., Pavlopoulos, N., Chen, Y., & Amirav, L. (2021) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202107079 · Cited by 9
Progress in electrochemical analysis of sports doping substances with two-dimensional materials
Sun, Y., & Liu, D. (2024) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.1016/j.ijoes.2024.100465 · Cited by 9
Venkatesan, S., Thirunavukkarasu, S., Balaraman, S., Kaviyarasan, R., Venkatachalam, K., Veerakumar, P., Vasimalai, N., & Heera, T. R. (2023) · Diamond and Related Materials · doi:10.1016/j.diamond.2023.110165 · Cited by 8
Li, Y., Zhang, L., Tian, Q., & Xu, Q. J. (2020) · Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.cogsc.2020.100424 · Cited by 8
Li, H., He, R., Liu, N., Feng, L., Chen, S., Wang, H., Lv, C., Chen, X., Liu, G., & Zhao, G. H. (2024) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124183 · Cited by 7
Haq, Z. U., Ganaie, F. A., Bhat, S. A., Nazir, I., Qureashi, A., Bashir, A., & Rizvi, M. A. (2024) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4nj01770f · Cited by 7
Yin, H. Y., Zheng, Y. F., & Wang, L. (2020) · Bulletin of Materials Science · doi:10.1007/s12034-020-2081-0 · Cited by 7
Gan, X., Ye, L., Zhao, H., Lei, D., Ao, Y., Zhao, D., & Wang, P. (2024) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c03492 · Cited by 6
Kamila, S., Mohanty, B., Das, S. K., Sahoo, S., & Jena, B. K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102577-2.00008-7 · Cited by 6
Narayanan, K., Murugan, K. S., & Natarajan, T. S. (2025) · New Journal of Chemistry · doi:10.1039/d4nj05527f · Cited by 6
Narayanan, K., Murugan, K. S., & Natarajan, T. S. (2025) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2025.07.029 · Cited by 5
Singh, A. P., ., B., Srivastava, S. K., Bhatnagar, A., & Gupta, A. K. (2026) · RSC Applied Interfaces · doi:10.1039/d5lf00338e · Cited by 5
Graphene–Carbon Nitride-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Biomolecules
Lakshmanan, P. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815394-9.00009-1 · Cited by 5
Graphene-Carbon Nitride Based Electrochemical Sensors for Toxic Chemicals
Xavier, S. (2020) · Materials research foundations · doi:10.21741/9781644900956-9 · Cited by 4
Balakumar, V., & Manivannan, R. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820727-7.00005-7 · Cited by 3
Chauhan, K., Banerjee, D., Srivastava, V. P., & Prabahar, A. E. (2024) · Macromolecular Symposia · doi:10.1002/masy.202400143 · Cited by 1
Development of Sulfur and Nitrogen‐Doped Fluorescent Carbon Quantum Dots for Hydroquinone Sensing
Mitra, M. D., Rout, D. R., & Kumar, A. (2026) · Luminescence · doi:10.1002/bio.70431 · Cited by 1
Carbon nitride-based optical sensors for metal ion detection
Sharma, E., Guleria, A., Singh, K., Malik, R., & Tomer, V. K. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-823961-2.00005-7 · Cited by 1
New Micro- and Nanotechnologies for Electrochemical Biosensor Development
Hao, N., Lu, J., Hua, R., Zhao, W., & Wang, K. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815743-5.00011-1 · Cited by 1
Effect of Buffer Solution on the Detection of Cu(II) by Graphite Carbon Nitride Modified Electrode
Li, X., Li, H., Yang, K., Wang, Q., & Yu, Q. (2022) · Russian Journal of Electrochemistry · doi:10.1134/s1023193522060064 · Cited by 1
Self-assembled g-C3N4 nanosheets with Ca2+ linkage
Yu, Q., Li, X., Gao, J., & Zhang, M. (2017) · Russian Journal of Physical Chemistry A · doi:10.1134/s0036024417050193
Development of biocompatible carbon nanoparticles for optical sensing applications
Fong, J. F. Y. (2017) · Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) · doi:10.25916/sut.26283520
Ibrahim, M. M., Mersal, G. A. M., Abdou, S. N., Mohamed, M. A., Soliman, M. M., Al-Juaid, S. S., Taleb, M. F. A., & Amin, M. A. (2022) · Journal of Coordination Chemistry · doi:10.1080/00958972.2022.2089027
Recent advances in g-C 3 N 4 based sustainable sensors for toxic mercury (Hg 2+ ) detection
Swami, S. (2026) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d6ra01001f
The feasibility and analysis of 2D bilayer SiC as an alcohol sensor: a first-principle study
Routu, S., Darimireddy, N. K., Tripathi, B. M. M., & Saha, S. (2026) · Journal of Molecular Modeling · doi:10.1007/s00894-026-06826-0
Metadata
- Authors
- Sadhukhan, M., & Barman, S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Science Education and Research (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Barman, Sudip
- Venue
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2013
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 2752
- ISSN
- 2050-7488 (ISSN-L)
- 2050-7496
- OpenAlex
- W2046216572
- Cited by
- 144
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 3
- FWCI
- 6.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Carbon and Quantum Dots Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Electrochemistry › Electrochemical Analysis and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Analytical Chemistry › Electrochemical sensors and biosensors
- Keywords
- two-dimensional carbon nitride, C3N4, formamide, microwave-assisted synthesis, bottom-up fabrication, carbon nitride quantum dots, evaporation-induced self-assembly, modified glassy carbon electrode, electrochemical sensor, mercury ion detection, heavy metal detection, lead ion detection, Cu2+ detection, drinking water
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review