A biomimetic collagen–apatite scaffold with a multi-level lamellar structure for bone tissue engineering
Open accessAbstract
Collagen-apatite (Col-Ap) scaffolds have been widely employed for bone tissue engineering. We fabricated a Col-Ap scaffold with a unique multi-level lamellar structure consisting of co-aligned micro and macro pores. The basic building blocks of this scaffold are bone-like mineralized collagen fibers developed via a biomimetic self-assembly process in a collagen-containing modified simulated body fluid (m-SBF). This biomimetic method preserves the structural integrity and great tensile strength of collagen by reinforcing the collagen hydrogel with apatite nano-particles. Unidirectional aligned macro pores with a size of 63.8 to 344 μm are created by controlling the freezing rate and direction. The thickness of Col-Ap lamellae can be adjusted in the range 3.6 to 23 μm depending on the self-compression time. Furthermore, the multi-level lamellar structure has led to a twelve-fold increase in Young's modulus and a two-fold increase in the compression modulus along the aligned direction compared to a scaffold of the same composition with an isotropic equiaxed pore structure. Moreover, this novel lamellar scaffold supports the attachment and spreading of MC3T3-E1osteoblasts. Therefore, owing to the biomimetic composition, tunable structure, improved mechanical strength, and good biocompatibility of this novel scaffold, it has great potential to be used in bone tissue engineering applications.
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Scaffolds with better porosity can be constructed through freeze drying because the architecture is not deformed when freeze drying is employed.
“Scaffolds with better porosity can be constructed through the freeze drying technique since the architecture is not deformed when freeze drying is employed [83].”
From Nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen composite as scaffold material for bone regeneration. (2023) · cites this paper as [83]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says freeze-drying is widely used to obtain porous structures, and the Conclusions describe pores created by controlling freezing conditions. The paper does not say freeze-drying produces better porosity than another method or that it prevents deformation of the scaffold architecture. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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References 49 · Cited by 84
- Authors
- Xia, Z., Villa, M. M., & Wei, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Connecticut (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wei, M.
- Venue
- Journal of Materials Chemistry B
- Publisher
- Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
- Published
- 2014
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1998
- ISSN
- 2050-750X (ISSN-L)
- 2050-7518
- PMC
- PMC4078891
- OpenAlex
- W2011937071
- Cited by
- 84
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 5.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Materials Chemistry B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R21AR059962)
- Division of Chemical, Bioengineering, Environmental, and Transport Systems
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Collagen: Extraction and Characterization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Keywords
- bone tissue engineering, biomimetic self-assembly, lamellar structure, freeze casting, collagen gel, mechanical properties, Young's modulus, osteoblast adhesion, MC3T3-E1 cells, biocompatibility
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