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The ATP synthase: the understood, the uncertain and the unknown
Abstract
The ATP synthases are multiprotein complexes found in the energy-transducing membranes of bacteria, chloroplasts and mitochondria. They employ a transmembrane protonmotive force, Δp, as a source of energy to drive a mechanical rotary mechanism that leads to the chemical synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. Their overall architecture, organization and mechanistic principles are mostly well established, but other features are less well understood. For example, ATP synthases from bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts differ in the mechanisms of regulation of their activity, and the molecular bases of these different mechanisms and their physiological roles are only just beginning to emerge. Another crucial feature lacking a molecular description is how rotation driven by Δp is generated, and how rotation transmits energy into the catalytic sites of the enzyme to produce the stepping action during rotation. One surprising and incompletely explained deduction based on the symmetries of c-rings in the rotor of the enzyme is that the amount of energy required by the ATP synthase to make an ATP molecule does not have a universal value. ATP synthases from multicellular organisms require the least energy, whereas the energy required to make an ATP molecule in unicellular organisms and chloroplasts is higher, and a range of values has been calculated. Finally, evidence is growing for other roles of ATP synthases in the inner membranes of mitochondria. Here the enzymes form supermolecular complexes, possibly with specific lipids, and these complexes probably contribute to, or even determine, the formation of the cristae.
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“There are only two basic ways that cells conserve energy as high energy phosphate bonds: substrate level phosphorylation (Decker et al., 1970) and chemiosmotic energy harnessing using a rotor-stator ATP synthase (Walker et al., 1982; Walker, 2013).”
From Serpentinization as the source of energy, electrons, organics, catalysts, nutrients and pH gradients for the origin of LUCA and life (2023) · cites this paper as Walker, 2013
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Asymmetric Structure of the Yeast F1 ATPase in the Absence of Bound Nucleotides
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Self-citationAssociation of two proteolipids of unknown function with ATP synthase from bovine heart mitochondria
Chen, R., Runswick, M. J., Carroll, J., Fearnley, I. M., & Walker, J. E. (2007) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2007.05.079 · Cited by 53
Self-citationRubinstein, J. L., & Walker, J. E. (2002) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/s0022-2836(02)00671-x · Cited by 51
Self-citationSu e of the Yeast F1Fo-ATP Synthase Forms Homodimers
Brunner, S., Everard-Gigot, V., & Stuart, R. A. (2002) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m209382200 · Cited by 49
Functional analysis of membranous Fo-a subunit of F1Fo-ATP synthase by in vitro protein synthesis
Kuruma, Y., Suzuki, T., Ono, S., Yoshida, M., & Ueda, T. (2011) · Biochemical Journal · doi:10.1042/bj20111284 · Cited by 45
Water molecule reorganization in cytochrome c oxidase revealed by FTIR spectroscopy
Maréchal, A., & Rich, P. R. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1019419108 · Cited by 43
ATP synthase ecto-α-subunit: a novel therapeutic target for breast cancer
Pan, J., Sun, L.-C., Tao, Y., Zhou, Z., Du, X.-L., Peng, L., Feng, X., Wang, J., Li, Y.-P., Liu, L., et al. (2011) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/1479-5876-9-211 · Cited by 41
ATP Synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Location of Subunit h in the Peripheral Stalk Region
Rubinstein, J. L., Dickson, V. K., Runswick, M. J., & Walker, J. E. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.10.060 · Cited by 39
Self-citationMenz, R. I., Leslie, A. G. W., & Walker, J. E. (2001) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02302-x · Cited by 37
Self-citationDudkina, N. V., Kouřil, R., Bultema, J. B., & Boekema, E. J. (2010) · FEBS Letters · doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2010.03.027 · Cited by 35
ChemInform Abstract: ATP Synthesis by Rotary Catalysis
Walker, J. E. (1998) · ChemInform · doi:10.1002/chin.199852366 · Cited by 33
Self-citationCarbajo, R. J., Kellas, F. A., Yang, J., Runswick, M. J., Montgomery, M. G., Walker, J. E., & Neuhaus, D. (2007) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2007.02.059 · Cited by 31
Self-citationATP Synthase that Lacks F0a-Subunit
Ono, S., Sone, N., Yoshida, M., & Suzuki, T. (2004) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m404993200 · Cited by 29
Nobel Lectures in Chemistry 1981 – 1990
Malmström, B. G. (1993) · WORLD SCIENTIFIC eBooks · doi:10.1142/1507 · Cited by 27
Carbajo, R. J., Silvester, J. A., Runswick, M. J., Walker, J. E., & Neuhaus, D. (2004) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.07.013 · Cited by 25
Self-citationCorrelations of structure and function in subunit c of Escherichia coli FoF1 ATP synthase
Fillingame, R. H., Girvin, M. E., & Zhang, Y. E. (1995) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst0230760 · Cited by 22
Crystal Structures of Mutant Forms of the Yeast F1 ATPase Reveal Two Modes of Uncoupling
Arsenieva, D., Symersky, J., Wang, Y., Pagadala, V., & Mueller, D. M. (2010) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m110.174383 · Cited by 20
Subunit b-Dimer of the Escherichia coli ATP Synthase Can Form Left-Handed Coiled-Coils
Wise, J. G., & Vogel, P. D. (2008) · Biophysical Journal · doi:10.1529/biophysj.107.121012 · Cited by 13
El‐Hafidi, M., Meschini, M. C., Rizza, T., Santorelli, F. M., Bertini, E., Carrozzo, R., & Vázquez-Memije, M. E. (2011) · Journal of Bioenergetics and Biomembranes · doi:10.1007/s10863-011-9387-y · Cited by 5
ATP Synthesis by Rotary Catalysis (Nobel lecture)
Walker, J. E. (1998) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19980918)37:17
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 123 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Mitchell, 1993, David Keilin's respiratory chain concept and its chemiosmotic consequences, 295
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Mitochondrial membrane potential
Zorova, L. D., Popkov, V. A., Plotnikov, E. Y., Silachev, D. N., Pevzner, I. B., Jankauskas, S. S., Babenko, V. A., Zorov, S. D., Balakireva, A. V., Juhaszova, M., et al. (2017) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ab.2017.07.009 · Cited by 2,092
Multifaceted mitochondria: moving mitochondrial science beyond function and dysfunction
Monzel, A. S., Enrı́quez, J. A., & Picard, M. A. (2023) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-023-00783-1 · Cited by 632
Bernardi, P., Rasola, A., Forte, M. A., & Lippe, G. (2015) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00001.2015 · Cited by 598
Sequence co-evolution gives 3D contacts and structures of protein complexes
Hopf, T. A., Schärfe, C. P. I., Rodrigues, J. P. G. L. M., Green, A. G., Kohlbacher, O., Sander, C., Bonvin, A. M. J. J., & Marks, D. S. (2014) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.03430 · Cited by 515
Mitochondria at the crossroads of health and disease
Suomalainen, A., & Nunnari, J. M. (2024) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2024.04.037 · Cited by 528
Metadata
- Authors
- Walker, J. E.
- Affiliations
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, John E.
- ORCID
- Walker, John E.
- Venue
- Biochemical Society Transactions
- Publisher
- Portland Press Ltd.
- Published
- 2013-01-29
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 1-16
- ISSN
- 0300-5127 (ISSN-L)
- 1470-8752
- OpenAlex
- W2104675030
- Cited by
- 614
- References
- 123
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 44 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 56 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 52 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 54 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 13
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biochemical Society Transactions (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › ATP Synthase and ATPases Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Photosynthetic Processes and Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- ATP synthase, proton motive force, rotary mechanism, ATP production, enzyme regulation, mitochondrial ATP synthase, chloroplast ATP synthase, bacterial ATP synthase, supramolecular complexes
- MeSH terms
- Hydrolysis, Models, Molecular, Protein Conformation, ATP Synthetase Complexes, Uncertainty
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