The DOI matches its Crossref record; 29 of the 29 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Measuring Children’s Lexical Diversity: Differentiating Typical and Impaired Language Learners
Abstract
This study evaluated the extent to which measures of lexical diversity (type-token ratio and number of different words produced) differentiated children with specific language impairment (SLI) from children whose language skills were following typical developmental expectations. Analysis of 50- and 100-utterance samples revealed that children with SLI did not significantly differ from their age- and language-equivalent peers on type-token ratio; however, children with SLI did use significantly fewer different words than their age-equivalent peers in these samples. When samples of 100 and 200 tokens were considered, the children with SLI also used significantly fewer different words than their age-equivalent counterparts. Overall, the findings of this study discourage the use of type-token ratio, as traditionally calculated, in many clinical and research activities related to children with SLI. In contrast, the number of different words produced provides a more sensitive and informative estimate of lexical diversity.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences
Kirk, R. (2013) · doi:10.4135/9781483384733 · Cited by 8,539
Experimental Design: Procedures for the Behavioral Sciences.
Addelman, S., & Kirk, R. E. (1969) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2283497 · Cited by 5,159
Overregularization in language acquisition
Marcus, G. F., Pinker, S., Ullman, M., Hollander, M., Rosen, T. J., Xu, F., & Clahsen, H. (1992) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166115 · Cited by 1,065
Certain Language Skills in Children: Their Development and Interrelationships
TEMPLIN, M. C. (1957) · University of Minnesota Press eBooks · doi:10.5749/j.ctttv2st · Cited by 899
Familial aggregation of a developmental language disorder
Gopnik, M., & Crago, M. B. (1991) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(91)90058-c · Cited by 666
Language perspectives—Acquisition, retardation, and intervention
Hill, P. (1975) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3999(75)90092-6 · Cited by 559
The Underlying Nature of Specific Language Impairment
Bishop, D. V. M. (1992) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1992.tb00858.x · Cited by 519
A Review of Estimating Animal Abundance
Seber, G. A. F. (1986) · Biometrics · doi:10.2307/2531049 · Cited by 516
Assessing language production in children
Miller, J. F. (1980) · Cited by 419
Language learnability and specific language impairment in children
Leonard, L. B. (1989) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400008511 · Cited by 377
Cited by
Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.
Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. N., & Kurs-Lasky, M. (1999) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4206.1432 · Cited by 481
Montgomery, J. W., Magimairaj, B. M., & Finney, M. C. (2010) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2009/09-0028 · Cited by 340
Semantic Representation and Naming in Children With Specific Language Impairment
McGregor, K. K., Newman, R. M., Reilly, R. M., & Capone, N. C. (2002) · Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2002/081 · Cited by 334
GOLBERG, H., PARADIS, J., & CRAGO, M. (2008) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s014271640808003x · Cited by 281
SIMON-CEREIJIDO, G., & GUTIÉRREZ-CLELLEN, V. F. (2009) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716409090134 · Cited by 200
Metadata
- Authors
- Watkins, R. V., Kelly, D. J., Harbers, H. M., & Hollis, W.
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1995-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1349-1355
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2089702058
- Cited by
- 261
- References
- 29
- FWCI
- 6.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Measuring Children’s Lexical Diversity: Differentiating Typical and Impaired Language Learners. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1044/jshr.3806.1349
- The paper
- Watkins, R. V., Kelly, D. J., Harbers, H. M., & Hollis, W. (1995). Measuring Children’s Lexical Diversity: Differentiating Typical and Impaired Language Learners. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. https://doi.org/10.1044/jshr.3806.1349
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.