Maternal education and measures of early speech and language.
Abstract
The present study was designed to determine whether 4 measures of children's spontaneous speech and language differed according to the educational level of the children's mothers. Spontaneous language samples from 240 three-year-old children were analyzed to determine mean length of utterance in morphemes (MLUm), number of different words (NDW), total number of words (TNW), and percentage of consonants correct (PCC). A norm-referenced, knowledge-dependent measure of language comprehension, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), was also included for purposes of comparison with the spontaneous measures. Three levels of maternal education were compared: less than high school graduate, high school graduate, and college graduate. Trend analyses showed statistically significant linear trends across educational levels for MLUm, NDW, TNW, and PPVT-R; the trend for PCC was not significant. The relationship of maternal education and other sociodemographic variables to measures of children's language should be examined before using such measures to identify children with language disorders.
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Socioeconomic disparities are associated with children's language skills as well as parental behaviors such as linguistic input and sensitivity.
“socioeconomic disparities are associated with children ' s language skills 9,27 as well as parental behaviors such as linguistic input and sensitivity. 28,29”
From Parenting Behavior and Child Language: A Meta-analysis. (2019) · cites this paper as [27]
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“Higher SES children outperform lower SES children on standardized language tests that include measures of grammatical development (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Morisset, Barnard, Greenberg, Booth, & Spieker, 1990); they produce more complex utterances and use a greater variety of syntactic structures in…”
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“This finding is consistent with previous literature indicating that parental education is inversely correlated to children's language and literacy development (Burchinal et al., 2002; Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
ResultDisinhibited social behavior among internationally adopted children
Bruce, J., Tarullo, A. R., & Gunnar, M. R. (2009) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579409000108 · Cited by 214 · see citing works
“In general, children reared in affluent, enriched environments have advanced cognitive abilities (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
BackgroundParadise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Campbell, T. F., Dollaghan, C. A., Colborn, D. K., Bernard, B. S., Rockette, H. E., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. L., Sabo, D. L., et al. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200104193441601 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Condouris, K., Meyer, E., & Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2003) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2003/080 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Rice, M. L., Redmond, S. M., & Hoffman, L. (2006) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2006/056 · Cited by 205 · see citing works
Grammatical Tense Deficits in Children With SLI and Nonspecific Language Impairment
Rice, M. L., Tomblin, J. B., Hoffman, L., Richman, W. A., & Marquis, J. G. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/061 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Mother–Child Conversations about Emotions: Linkages to Child Aggression and Prosocial Behavior
Garner, P. W., Dunsmore, J. C., & Southam‐Gerow, M. A. (2008) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00424.x · Cited by 190 · see citing works
“The total number of words produced is regarded as a valid measure of children’s language production (Klee, 1992; Miller, 1991) and is correlated with maternal educational level and child age (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Miller, 1991).”
BackgroundLanguage Outcomes Improved Through Early Hearing Detection and Earlier Cochlear Implantation
Yoshinaga‐Itano, C., Sedey, A. L., Wiggin, M., & Mason, C. A. (2018) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0000000000001976 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
Gutiérrez‐Clellen, V. F., Simon‐Cereijido, G., & WAGNER, C. (2007) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716408080016 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
“This was done because there is evidence that income level and maternal education are risk factors for language development (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Jewkes, 2005; Payne, Whitehurst, & Angell, 1994) and to ensure that the groups were comparable across these variables.”
BackgroundNittrouer, S., & Burton, L. T. (2004) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2004.03.006 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Dollaghan et al. (1999) used the same measures as Paradise et al.”
InfluentialThe Role of Processing Limitations in Early Identification of Specific Language Impairment
Weismer, S. E., & Evans, J. L. (2002) · Topics in Language Disorders · doi:10.1097/00011363-200205000-00004 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Nonstandardized measures such as language sampling also have been shown to demonstrate sensitivity to sociodemographic variables (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
BackgroundPan, B. A., Rowe, M. L., Spier, E., & Tamis‐LeMonda, C. S. (2004) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000904006270 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Early identification of language delay by direct language assessment or parent report?
Sachse, S., & Suchodoletz, W. V. (2008) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e318146902a · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Otitis Media, Hearing Loss, and Language Learning
Roberts, J. E., Hunter, L. L., Gravel, J. S., Rosenfeld, R. M., Berman, S., Haggard, M. P., Hall, J. W., Lannon, C., Moore, D. R., Vernon‐Feagans, L., et al. (2004) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-200404000-00007 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“For example, it is likely that OME occurs more often among children from low-income families(67) and lower language skills are also more evident in children from low-income families as compared to middle income children.(68,69) Thus, consistent with these explanations, a history of OME may be a marker rather than a ca…”
BackgroundThe impact of otitis media on cognitive and educational outcomes
Williams, C. J., & Jacobs, A. M. (2009) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2009.tb02931.x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Hawa, V. V., & Spanoudis, G. C. (2013) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2013.10.027 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Fetal Brain Volume Predicts Neurodevelopment in Congenital Heart Disease
Sadhwani, A., Wypij, D., Rofeberg, V., Gholipour, A., Mittleman, M., Rohde, J., Velasco-Annis, C., Calderon, J., Friedman, K. G., Tworetzky, W., et al. (2022) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.121.056305 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
The impact of child maltreatment on expressive syntax at 60 months
Eigsti, I., & Cicchetti, D. (2004) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2004.00325.x · Cited by 158 · see citing works
“Dollaghan, Campbell, Paradise, Feldman, Janosky, Pitcairn and Kurs-Lasky (1999) demonstrated a correlation between maternal educational achievement and child language abilities.”
BackgroundBilateral Versus Unilateral Cochlear Implants in Children
Sarant, J. Z., Harris, D., Bennet, L. A., & Bant, S. (2014) · Ear and Hearing · doi:10.1097/aud.0000000000000022 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Sarant, J. Z., Harris, D., & Bennet, L. A. (2015) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-h-14-0075 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“…& Rickards, 2005), cognitive ability (Geers, Moog, Biedenstein, Brenner, & Hayes, 2009; Sarant, Hughes, & Blamey, 2010), socioeconomic status (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Holt & Svirsky, 2008; Niparko, et al., 2010), maternal education (Geers et al., 2009; Sarant et al., 2009) and gender, with…”
Child Behavior and Quality of Life in Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Tran, K. D., Nguyen, C. D., Weedon, J., & Goldstein, N. A. (2005) · Archives of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/archotol.131.1.52 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“(%) T&A 42 (100) NA Inguinal hernia repair NA 6 (15) Umbilical hernia repair NA 6 (15) Circumcision NA 5 (12) Videourodynamics NA 5 (12) Orchiopexy NA 3 (7) Tooth extraction NA 2 (5) Esophagogastroduodenoscopy NA 2 (5) Others* NA 12 (29) Duration of follow-up, mean (SD) [range], mo 5.”
BackgroundThe Use of MLU for Identifying Language Impairment in Preschool Children
Eisenberg, S. L., Fersko, T. M., & Lundgren, C. (2001) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2001/028 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Jeong, J., McCoy, D. C., & Fink, G. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.07.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Paradise, J. L., Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Feldman, H. M., Bernard, B. S., Colborn, D. K., Rockette, H. E., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. L., Sabo, D. L., et al. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.105.5.1119 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Syntactic Complexity During Conversation of Boys With Fragile X Syndrome and Down Syndrome
Price, J. R., Roberts, J. E., Hennon, E. A., Berni, M. C., Anderson, K. L., & Sideris, J. H. (2008) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2008/001 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Individual Differences in First Language Acquisition
Kidd, E., & Donnelly, S. (2019) · Annual Review of Linguistics · doi:10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011619-030326 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“Similarly, SES impacts on children’s performance on experimental tests of grammar (Dollaghan et al. 1999, Huttenlocher et al. 2002) and on their online grammatical processing as measured via eye tracking (Huang et al. 2017).”
BackgroundThe language of play: developing preschool vocabulary through play following shared book-reading
Toub, T. S., Hassinger-Das, B., Nesbitt, K., Ilgaz, H., Weisberg, D., Hirsh-Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R., Nicolopoulou, A., & Dickinson, D. K. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.01.010 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Developmental Outcomes after Early or Delayed Insertion of Tympanostomy Tubes
Paradise, J. L., Campbell, T. F., Dollaghan, C. A., Feldman, H. M., Bernard, B. S., Colborn, D. K., Rockette, H. E., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. L., Kurs‐Lasky, M., et al. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa050406 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Spontaneous language markers of Spanish language impairment
Simon‐Cereijido, G., & Gutiérrez‐Clellen, V. F. (2007) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716407070166 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“This was done because there is evidence that income level and maternal education are risk factors for language development (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Jewkes, 2005; Payne, Whitehurst, & Angell, 1994).”
BackgroundLanguage comprehension in boys with fragile X syndrome and boys with Down syndrome
Price, J. R., Roberts, J. E., Vandergrift, N., & Martin, G. E. (2007) · Journal of Intellectual Disability Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2788.2006.00881.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Roberts, J. E., Price, J. R., Barnes, E., Nelson, L. M., Burchinal, M., Hennon, E. A., Moskowitz, L. J., Edwards, A., Malkin, C., Anderson, K. L., et al. (2007) · American Journal on Mental Retardation · doi:10.1352/0895-8017(2007)112[177:rvevas]2.0.co;2 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Bornstein, M. H., & Cote, L. R. (2004) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0713 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Normand, M. L., Parisse, C., & Cohen, H. (2007) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699200701669945 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Increases in maternal education and low-income children’s cognitive and behavioral outcomes.
Harding, J. F. (2015) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0038920 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
“…strong associations between levels of maternal education and children's academic outcomes , including language ability in early childhood (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Wen, Bulotsky-Shearer, Hahs-Vaughn, & Korfmacher, 2012), academic achievement throughout elementary, middle, and high school…”
Impact of Gender, Maternal Education, and Birth Order on the Development of Language Comprehension
Zambrana, I. M., Ystrøm, E., & Pons, F. (2012) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0b013e31823d4f83 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Ching, T. Y. C., Crowe, K. M., Marnane, V., Day, J., Mahler, N., Youn, S., Street, L., Cook, C., & Orsini, J. (2010) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549500903577022 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
“As it has been reported in the literature on language development of children with normal hearing that better language was associated with higher maternal education (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Feldman et al., 2005) and socio-economic status (Horton-Ikard & Weismer, 2007; Walker, Greenwood, Hart, & Carta, 1994), we hypoth…”
BackgroundParadise, J. L., Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Feldman, H. M., Bernard, B. S., Colborn, D. K., Rockette, H. E., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. L., Kurs‐Lasky, M., et al. (2003) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.112.2.265 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Koutra, K., Chatzi, L., Roumeliotaki, T., Vassilaki, M. E., Giannakopoulou, E., Batsos, C., Koutis, A. D., & Kogevinas, M. (2011) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2011.09.005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Horton-Ikard, R., & Weismer, S. E. (2007) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2007/041 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Content and Form in the Narratives of Children with Specific Language Impairment
Colozzo, P., Gillam, R., Wood, M., Schnell, R., & Johnston, J. R. (2011) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0247 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Davidson, L. S., Geers, A. E., Uchanski, R. M., & Firszt, J. B. (2019) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2019_jslhr-h-18-0255 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Vernon‐Feagans, L., Pancsofar, N., Willoughby, M., Odom, E., Quade, A., & Cox, M. J. (2008) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.02.007 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“Generally, children from lower SES families have been found to have a more restricted vocabulary, lower ability to answer complex questions, and lower overall use of language with others (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Feagans & Fendt, 1991; Fenson et al., 1994; Hoff, 2003; Hoff & Tian, 2005; HoffGinsberg, 1991).”
BackgroundLaw, J., McBean, K., & Rush, R. (2011) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1460-6984.2011.00036.x · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“While it is clear that test performance is likely to be closely associated with maternal education levels (Dollaghan et al. 1999), relatively little progress has been made trying to identify a ‘knowledge independent’ measure, although non-word repetition has been proposed as a potential candidate…”
BackgroundInfluence of preterm birth on early lexical and grammatical acquisition
Gayraud, F., & Kern, S. (2007) · First Language · doi:10.1177/0142723706075790 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“These results can be explained in terms of the restructuring in the lexicon that is observed in typically developing children between 18 and 30 months (Fenson et al., 1993). Our second goal was to study the potential role of biological and/or social factors on early language development. Among the four factors taken i…”
ResultModels and determinants of vocabulary growth from kindergarten to adulthood
Beitchman, J. H., Jiang, H., Koyama, E., Johnson, C. J., Escobar, M. D., Atkinson, L. R., Brownlie, E. B., & Vida, R. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01878.x · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“…language development and vocabulary acquisition, particularly the educational status of the mother and the age of the mother at the birth of her first child (Basilio, Puccini, Silva, & Pedromônico, 2005; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Fekonja, Umek, & Kranjc, 2005; Pan, Rowe, Singer, & Snow, 2005).”
BackgroundSpoken Language Benefits of Extending Cochlear Implant Candidacy Below 12 Months of Age
Nicholas, J. G., & Geers, A. E. (2013) · Otology & Neurotology · doi:10.1097/mao.0b013e318281e215 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Mother’s Education Level Studies of children without hearing loss have documented a significant language advantage related to mothers’ education level, with mean PPVT scores of 110 for children whose mothers completed college, 101 for those who completed high school, and 90 for those who had less than a high school ed…”
BackgroundKnowledge gaps in the early growth of semantic feature networks
Sizemore, A. E., Karuza, E. A., Giusti, C., & Bassett, D. S. (2018) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-018-0422-4 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Anda, S. D., Arias‐Trejo, N., Poulin‐Dubois, D., Zesiger, P., & Friend, M. (2015) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728914000820 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Are early grammatical and phonological working memory abilities affected by preterm birth?
Sansavini, A., Guarini, A., Alessandroni, R., Faldella, G., Giovanelli, G., & Salvioli, G. (2006) · Journal of Communication Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jcomdis.2006.06.009 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“It cannot be excluded that social factors may affect other aspects of preterms’ and fullterms’ language development not examined in the present study, such as lexical competence or spontaneous language samples (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
BackgroundShort-form versions of the Spanish MacArthur–Bates Communicative Development Inventories
Jackson‐Maldonado, D., Marchman, V. A., & Fernald, L. C. H. (2012) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716412000045 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Some findings suggest that parents from low-SES families may tend to overestimate their child’s abilities compared to higher SES parents, especially for early comprehension (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Feldman et al., 2000, 2003; Fenson et al., 1993; Reznick, 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialBouchard, C., Trudeau, N., Sutton, A. E., Boudreault, M.-C., & Deneault, J. (2009) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716409990075 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Measuring lexical diversity in children who stutter: application of vocd
Wagovich, S. A., & Ratner, N. B. (2002) · Journal of Fluency Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0094-730x(02)00162-6 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Levine, D., Pace, A. E., Luo, R., Hirsh‐Pasek, K., Golinkoff, R. M., de Villiers, J., Iglesias, A., & Wilson, M. S. (2018) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2018.11.006 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Similarly, Dollaghan et al., 1999) found comparable large effect sizes for the SES difference in 3-year-olds’ syntax, measured as the mean length of utterance (MLU) in a spontaneous speech sample, and vocabulary, measured as the number of different words from the speech sample (Hedges’ g = 0.76 and 0.81, respectively;…”
BackgroundInfluentialPeña, E. D., Gillam, R. B., Bedore, L. M., & Bohman, T. M. (2011) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0020 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Developing Language Skills of Cocaine-Exposed Infants
Singer, L. T., Arendt, R. E., Minnes, S., Salvator, A. E., SIEGEL, A. C., & Lewis, B. A. (2001) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.107.5.1057 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Common variation near ROBO2 is associated with expressive vocabulary in infancy
Pourcain, B. S., Cents, R. A. M., Whitehouse, A., Haworth, C. M. A., Davis, O. S. P., O’Reilly, P. F., Roulstone, S., Wren, Y. E., Ang, Q. W., Velders, F. P., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms5831 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“These have been previously linked to late language emergence in infancy 29 and the total number of spoken words in early childhood 30 respectively.”
Factors that influence vocabulary development in two‐year‐old children
Stokes, S. F., & Klee, T. M. (2008) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2008.01991.x · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Mother’s level of education (Dollaghan et al., 1999), family history of a speech/language delay (Bishop, Price, Dale, & Plomin, 2003; Zubrick, Taylor, Rice, & Slegers, 2007), child sex and early neurobiological growth (Zubrick et al., 2007), birth order/number of siblings of the child (Stokes,…”
BackgroundInfluentialYue, A., Jiang, Q., Wang, B., Abbey, C., Alexis Medina, D., Shi, Y., & Rozelle, S. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0221675 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
How Early Maternal Language Input Varies by Race and Education and Predicts Later Child Language
Vernon‐Feagans, L., Bratsch‐Hines, M., Reynolds, E., & Willoughby, M. T. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13281 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Neuroscience of Adolescence
Galván, A. (2017) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316106143 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Language development in preschool-age children adopted from China.
Roberts, J. A., Pollock, K., Krakow, R., Price, J. R., Fulmer, K., & Wang, P. P. (2005) · Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/008 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Davidson, L. S., Geers, A. E., & Nicholas, J. G. (2014) · Cochlear Implants International · doi:10.1179/1754762813y.0000000051 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“As noted earlier, this elevated vocabulary level might be expected from any group of children with above-average parental education such as this one (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
BackgroundTaxometric Analyses of Specific Language Impairment in 6-Year-Old Children
Dollaghan, C. A. (2011) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2011/10-0187 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Structural Development of the Fictional Narratives of African American Preschoolers
Price, J. R., Roberts, J. E., & Jackson, S. C. (2006) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2006/020 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
False Belief and Emotion Understanding in Post‐institutionalized Children
Tarullo, A. R., Bruce, J., & Gunnar, M. R. (2007) · Social Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9507.2007.00372.x · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Children reared in affluent, educationally enriched home environments are more likely to have advanced verbal abilities (Dollaghan, Campbell, Paradise, Feldman, Janosky & Pitcairn, 1999).”
Language delay in severely neglected children: A cumulative or specific effect of risk factors?
Sylvestre, A., & Mérette, C. (2010) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2009.10.003 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“In terms of environmental factors, young children from poor economic environments (Hoff, 2003; Horwitz et al., 2003) or with less educated mothers (Dollaghan et al. 1999; Tomblin et al., 1997) may also have language development problems.”
BackgroundAttachment and cognitive skills: An investigation of mediating mechanisms
O'Connor, E., & McCartney, K. (2007) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2007.06.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Rojas, R., Iglesias, A., Bunta, F., Goldstein, B. A., Goldenberg, C. N., & Reese, L. (2016) · International Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.3109/17549507.2015.1081290 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“As previously discussed, maternal education level is associated with language development (Dollaghan et al., 1999; Golberg et al., 2008; Walker, Greenwood, Hart, & Carta, 1994).”
BackgroundHendricks, A. E., & Adlof, S. M. (2017) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/2017_lshss-16-0060 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Spoken word recognition by Latino children learning Spanish as their first language
Hurtado, N., Marchman, V. A., & Fernald, A. E. (2007) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000906007896 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“These results supplement the large body of literature using offline methods and parental reports that has documented lower language outcomes for children from disadvantaged backgrounds (e.g. Hart & Risley, 1995; Arriaga, Fenson, Cronan & Pethick, 1998; Dollaghan et al., 1999; Hoff, 2003).”
BackgroundResultPredictors of Second Language Acquisition in Latino Children With Specific Language Impairment
Gutiérrez-Clellen, V., Simón-Cereijido, G., & Sweet, M. (2012) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2011/10-0090 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Semantic Deficits in Children With Language Impairments
Brackenbury, T., & Pye, C. L. (2005) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2005/002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Language delay aggregates in toddler siblings of children with autism spectrum disorder
for the IBIS Network, Marrus, N. M., Hall, L., Paterson, S., Elison, J. T., Wolff, J. J., Swanson, M. R., Parish‐Morris, J., Eggebrecht, A. T., Pruett, J. R., et al. (2018) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1186/s11689-018-9247-8 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Marchman, V. A., Shannon, K. A., Loi, E. C., Fernald, A. E., & Feldman, H. M. (2015) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1038987 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“These findings are consistent with other studies showing that features of children’s daily experiences linked to family background are important determinants of vocabulary and other language outcomes (Dollaghan et al., 1999).”
Result
- Authors
- Dollaghan, C. A., Campbell, T. F., Paradise, J. L., Feldman, H. M., Janosky, J. E., Pitcairn, D. N., & Kurs-Lasky, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Children's Hospital of Pittsburgh (US)
- University of Pittsburgh Pittsburgh, PA
- Venue
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-12
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1432-1443
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2093177159
- Cited by
- 481
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 28 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 10.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (2r01hd026026-10a2, 5r29dc001858-05)
- National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (DC01858)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD 26026)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- maternal education, preschool children, spontaneous speech, vocabulary size, consonant accuracy, language comprehension, Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, sociodemographic factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Child Language, Child, Preschool, Educational Status, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Development, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Mothers, Prospective Studies, Rural Population, Speech, Urban Population
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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