The DOI matches its Crossref record; 20 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Classification of Children With Specific Language Impairment: Longitudinal Considerations
Abstract
This paper reports on the longitudinal results of a large project involving 242 seven-year-old children attending language units in England. Following our work outlining 6 subgroups of children with language impairment (Conti-Ramsden, Crutchley, & Botting, 1997), we examine the stability of the 6 subgroups of children with specific language impairment already identified, using data collected from the same children at age 8 years. The findings suggest there is considerable stability in the patterns of difficulties delineated by the classification system involving 6 subgroups. Poorer stability was evident in the classification of the children across time with 45% of children moving across subgroups. The membership stability of the proposed classification system was very similar to that found when the children were classified into 3 subgroups following another well-known system (Rapin, 1996). The findings are discussed with particular reference to issues surrounding the classification of children with SLI.
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“DLD presents with a heterogeneous profile (Leonard, 1998), with considerable individual variability in severity, language areas affected, and changes in the nature/severity of deficits over time (Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999).”
From Early Identification of Language Disorders Using Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning: Challenges and Emerging Approaches (2025) · cites this paper as Conti-Ramsden & Botting, 1999
Citations
Cites
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The Extent to Which Psychometric Tests Differentiate Subgroups of Children With SLI
Conti‐Ramsden, G., Crutchley, A., & Botting, N. (1997) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/jslhr.4004.765 · Cited by 326
Self-citationPractitioner Review: Developmental Language Disorders: A Clinical Update
Rapin, I. (1996) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01456.x · Cited by 203
Rice, M. L. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203763476 · Cited by 189
Bishop, D. (2014) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315804699 · Cited by 161
Specific Language Impairment as a Clinical Category
Leonard, L. B. (1991) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461.2202.66 · Cited by 116
Is Specific Language Impairment a valid diagnostic category? Genetic and psycholinguistic evidence
Bishop, D. V. M. (1994) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.1994.0134 · Cited by 116
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Bilingualism and specific language impairment in children attending language units
Crutchley, A., Botting, N., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (1997) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.3109/13682829709020409 · Cited by 67
Self-citationComments on Specific Language Impairment as a Clinical Category
Aram, D. (1991) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461.2202.84 · Cited by 31
Examining the Cause of Specific Language Impairment
Tomblin, J. B. (1991) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461.2202.69 · Cited by 19
The Continuing Relevance of Cause
Johnston, J. R. (1991) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461.2202.75 · Cited by 18
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Self-citation
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Cited by
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Bishop, D. V. M., Snowling, M. J., Thompson, P. A., Greenhalgh, T., & and the CATALISE‐2 consortium (2017) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12721 · Cited by 1,641
Psycholinguistic markers for specific language impairment (SLI)
Conti‐Ramsden, G., Botting, N., & Faragher, B. (2001) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00770 · Cited by 879
Self-citationBishop, D. V. M., & Norbury, C. F. (2002) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00114 · Cited by 474
Narrative as a tool for the assessment of linguistic and pragmatic impairments
Botting, N. (2002) · Child Language Teaching and Therapy · doi:10.1191/0265659002ct224oa · Cited by 445
Self-citationNativism versus neuroconstructivism: Rethinking the study of developmental disorders.
Karmiloff‐Smith, A. (2009) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0014506 · Cited by 444
Metadata
- Authors
- Conti-Ramsden, G., & Botting, N.
- Affiliations
- Centre for the Study of Language Impairments University of Manchester Manchester, United Kingdom
- University of Manchester (GB)
- ORCID
- Botting, Nicola
- Venue
- Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research
- Published
- 1999-10
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1195-1204
- ISSN
- 1092-4388 (ISSN-L)
- 1558-9102
- OpenAlex
- W2093496261
- Cited by
- 334
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Nuffield Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Developmental and Educational Neuropsychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Hearing Impairment and Communication
- Keywords
- specific language impairment, subgroup classification, classification stability, longitudinal follow-up, linguistic units, children with language impairment
- MeSH terms
- Child, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Severity of Illness Index, Reproducibility of Results, Cluster Analysis
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