Psycholinguistic markers for specific language impairment (SLI)
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In this study 160 children, aged 11 years with a definite history of specific language impairment (SLI), completed four tasks that could be potential positive psycholinguistic markers for this impairment: a third person singular task, a past tense task, a nonword repetition task, and a sentence repetition task. This allowed examination of more than one type of marker simultaneously, facilitating both comparisons between markers and also evaluation of combinations of markers in relation to identifying SLI. The study also provided data regarding the markers in relation to nonverbal IQ, made use of new normative data on all tasks, and examined marker accuracy in relation to current language status. The results show that markers vary in accuracy, with sentence repetition (a previously unused marker) proving to be the most useful. This psycholinguistic marker shows high levels of sensitivity (90%), specificity (85%), and overall accuracy (88%), as well as being able to identify the majority of children whose current language status falls in the normal range despite a history of SLI.
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The cut-off of 1 SD below the mean on the recalling sentences subtest provides adequate sensitivity and specificity for identifying language impairment.
“This cut-off provides adequate sensitivity and specificity for the identification of language impairment”
From Can Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders? (2019) · cites this paper as Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001
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Bishop, D., & Norbury, C. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361305049028 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Identifying language impairment in children: combining language test scores with parental report
Bishop, D., & McDonald, D. J. (2009) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820802259662 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“The finding on the repeating non-words test is consistent with previous studies showing this to be as a particularly good marker of language impairment (Conti-Ramsden et al. 2001).”
Evidence‐based pathways to intervention for children with language disorders
Ebbels, S. H., McCartney, E., Slonims, V., Dockrell, J. E., & Norbury, C. (2018) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12387 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Language Acquisition and Language Disorders
(2013) · Language acquisition & language disorders · doi:10.1075/lald · Cited by 166 · see citing works
Norbury, C., & Nation, K. (2010) · Scientific Studies of Reading · doi:10.1080/10888431003623553 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“25 SD on the Recalling Sentences subtest (RS) of the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals ( Semel, Wiig, & Secord, 2006 ), an excellent clinical marker of language impairment in both non-ASD and ASD populations ( Conti-Ramsden, Botting, & Faragher, 2001 ; Riches, Loucas, Baird, Charman, & Simonoff, 2010 ).”
BackgroundLanguage in autism: domains, profiles and co-occurring conditions
Schaeffer, J. C., El-Raziq, M. A., Castroviejo, E., Durrleman, S., Ferré, S., Grama, I., Hendriks, P., Kissine, M., Manenti, M., Marinis, T., et al. (2023) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-023-02592-y · Cited by 184 · see citing works
Katsos, N., Andrés‐Roqueta, C., Estevan, R. A. C., & Cummins, C. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2010.12.004 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Thordardottir, E. T., Kehayia, E., Mazer, B. L., Lessard, N., Majnemer, A., Sutton, A. E., Trudeau, N., & Chilingaryan, G. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0196 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Armon-Lotem, S., & Meir, N. (2016) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12242 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
A Prosodically Controlled Word and Nonword Repetition Task for 2- to 4-Year-Olds
Roy, P., & Chiat, S. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/019 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Redmond, S. M., Thompson, H. L., & Goldstein, S. (2010) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2010/10-0010 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Gutiérrez‐Clellen, V. F., & Simon‐Cereijido, G. (2010) · Learning Disabilities Research and Practice · doi:10.1111/j.1540-5826.2009.00300.x · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“The results of this study replicate findings reported by research using this measure with English speakers (Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001; Conti-Ramsden & Hesketh, 2003; Ellis Weismer et al., 2000; Gray, 2003) and Spanish speakers (Girbau & Schwartz, 2007).”
ResultConstraints in the Production of Written Text in Children with Specific Language Impairments
Dockrell, J. E., Lindsay, G., Connelly, V. J., & Mackie, C. J. (2007) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440290707300202 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Paradis, J., Schneider, P., & Duncan, T. S. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/12-0050 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
Factors Supporting Idiom Comprehension in Children With Communication Disorders
Norbury, C. (2004) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2004/087 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Betz, S. K., Eickhoff, J. R., & Sullivan, S. F. (2013) · Language Speech and Hearing Services in Schools · doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2012/12-0093 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Leyfer, O. T., Tager-Flusberg, H. B., Dowd, M., Tomblin, J. B., & Folstein, S. E. (2008) · Autism Research · doi:10.1002/aur.43 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“…and specific psycholinguistic marker for SLI [Conti-Ramsden, Botting, & Faragher, 2001; Tager-Flusberg & Cooper, 1999], and it detects a history of SLI in over 50% of school-aged probands who, by that age, often score above the threshold on standardized language tests [Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001].”
BackgroundBotting, N., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2007) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1348/026151007x235891 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
Chiat, S., & Roy, P. (2007) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2007/030 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Armon-Lotem, S., Walters, J., & Gagarina, N. V. (2011) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.1.3.04arm · Cited by 138 · see citing works
The Impact of Specific Language Impairment on Adolescents' Written Text
Dockrell, J. E., Lindsay, G., & Connelly, V. J. (2009) · Exceptional Children · doi:10.1177/001440290907500403 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Kindergarten Predictors of Second Versus Eighth Grade Reading Comprehension Impairments
Adlof, S. M., Catts, H. W., & Lee, J. (2010) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/0022219410369067 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Bishop, D., & Norbury, C. (2004) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361305049027 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Riches, N. G. (2012) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1460-6984.2012.00158.x · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Risk Factors Associated With Language in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Clues to Underlying Mechanisms
Tager-Flusberg, H. B. (2015) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2015_jslhr-l-15-0146 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Snow, P. C., & Powell, M. B. (2007) · Children & Society · doi:10.1111/j.1099-0860.2006.00076.x · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Risk markers for SLI: A study of young language-learning children
Conti‐Ramsden, G., & Hesketh, A. (2003) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1080/1368282031000092339 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Cross-Language Nonword Repetition by Bilingual and Monolingual Children
Windsor, J., Kohnert, K. J., Lobitz, K. F., & Pham, G. T. (2010) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2010/09-0064 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Connelly, V. J., Dockrell, J. E., Walter, K., & Critten, S. (2012) · Written Communication · doi:10.1177/0741088312451109 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Dispaldro, M., Leonard, L. B., & Deevy, P. (2012) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2012/11-0304 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Loomes, C., Rasmussen, C., Pei, J. R., Manji, S., & Andrew, G. (2007) · Research in Developmental Disabilities · doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2007.01.001 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Neuropsychological profiles of children with cerebral palsy
Stadskleiv, K., Jahnsen, R. B., Andersen, G. L., & von Tetzchner, S. (2017) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2017.1282054 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“An uneven profile was defined as a VC–PRI discrepancy larger than 1 SD.74 For children not having Norwegian as their first language, TROG-2 was used as a measure of VC as comprehension of grammar and sentence structure is a better estimate of verbal skills than size of receptive vocabulary.75 This criterion was set in…”
MethodWetherell, D., Botting, N., & Conti-Ramsden, G. (2007) · International journal of language and communication disorders · doi:10.1080/13682820601056228 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“The group consisted of 19 adolescents recruited from a wider study (Conti-Ramsden et al., 1997, Conti-Ramsden and Botting, 1999, Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001).”
Leonard, L. B. (2014) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000914000130 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Peter, B., Raskind, W. H., Matsushita, M., Lisowski, M., Vu, T., Berninger, V. W., Wijsman, E. M., & Brkanac, Z. (2011) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-010-9065-0 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“SR, also referred to as sentence imitation, is considered a sensitive measure of expressive language ability and difficulty with this task is one of the psycholinguistic markers of language impairment (Conti-Ramsden et al. 2001).”
BackgroundBabayiğit, S. (2012) · Journal of Research in Reading · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9817.2012.01538.x · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Rice, M. L., Smith, S. D., & Gayán, J. (2009) · Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11689-009-9031-x · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Non-word repetition tasks are measures of phonological short-term memory that have been suggested as “core deficits” in SLI [28] or as a “key contributory trait of SLI” [29] .”
BackgroundIdentifying language impairment in bilingual children in France and in Germany
Tuller, L., Hamann, C., Chilla, S., Ferré, S., Morin, E., Prévost, P., dos Santos, C., Ibrahim, L. A., & Zebib, R. (2018) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12397 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Redmond, S. M. (2005) · Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics · doi:10.1080/02699200410001669870 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“…has been shown to be sensitive to subtle, sub-clinical deficits that might persist in some older children with language impairments as well as in compensated adults with a positive history of language impairments (Conti-Ramsden, 2003; Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001; Records, Tomblin and Freese, 1992).”
BackgroundCan Bilingualism Mitigate Set-Shifting Difficulties in Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders?
Gonzalez-Barrero, A. M., & Nadig, A. S. (2019) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.12979 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“This cut-off provides adequate sensitivity and specificity for the identification of language impairment (Conti-Ramsden et al., 2001; Elin Thordardottir et al., 2011).”
BackgroundVerb Learning in Children With SLI
Riches, N. G., Tomasello, M., & Conti‐Ramsden, G. (2005) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/1092-4388(2005/097 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
- Authors
- Conti‐Ramsden, G., Botting, N., & Faragher, B.
- Affiliations
- University of Manchester (GB)
- Venue
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2001-09
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 741-748
- ISSN
- 0021-9630 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-7610
- OpenAlex
- W2131789329
- Cited by
- 879
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 24 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 43 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 47 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 22.28
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Nuffield Foundation
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- specific language impairment, psycholinguistic markers, sentence imitation, non-word repetition, third person singular, nonverbal intelligence, reference values, diagnostic accuracy, language assessment, children
- MeSH terms
- Child, Cognition, Female, Humans, Language Disorders, Language Tests, Male, Psycholinguistics, Psychological Tests, Sensitivity and Specificity
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