Drug anticipation and drug addiction. The 1998 H. David Archibald Lecture
Abstract
Environmental cues associated with drug use become capable of eliciting withdrawal symptoms, craving and relapse to drug self-administration. The phenomenon, although noted almost 150 years ago, has repeatedly been confirmed in epidemiological and experimental studies. Drug tolerance, which is closely correlated with withdrawal symptoms and craving, is also modulated by drug-associated environmental cues. The contribution of predrug cues to withdrawal and tolerance is emphasized in a Pavlovian conditioning analysis of drug administration. Drug-induced disturbances are modulated by homeostatic responses elicited by pharmacological stimulation. According to the conditioning analysis, we learn to anticipate the drug effect; corrective response (conditional compensatory responses) occur in the presence of situations and events that have been associated with the drug in the past. These conditional responses, seen in anticipation of drugs, importantly contribute to drug tolerance, failures of tolerance (enigmatic overdoses), and withdrawal symptoms. I review evidence indicating that a complete analysis of drug withdrawal and tolerance requires an appreciation of the contribution of Pavlovian conditioning.
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Objects or situations associated in the addict's memory with the object of addiction will arouse the desires and cravings that originally accompanied the addiction, even years after the addict was presumed to have overcome the addiction.
“Several studies have shown that objects or situations that are associated in the addict ' s memory with the object of his or her addiction will arouse the desires and cravings that originally accompanied the addiction, even years after the addict was presumed to have overcome the addiction”
From Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Siegel, 1999
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Wiers, R. W., Gladwin, T. E., Hofmann, W., Salemink, E., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2013) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702612466547 · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Wyvell, C. L., & Berridge, K. C. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-19-07831.2001 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Relapse and Relapse Prevention
Brandon, T. H., Vidrine, J. I., & Litvin, E. B. (2007) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091455 · Cited by 385 · see citing works
Ethics of the Attention Economy: The Problem of Social Media Addiction
Bhargava, V. R., & Velasquez, M. (2021) · Business Ethics Quarterly · doi:10.1017/beq.2020.32 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
“…shown that objects or situations that are associated in the addict’s memory with the object of his or her addiction will arouse the desires and cravings that originally accompanied the addiction, even years after the addict was presumed to have overcome the addiction (Conklin, 2006; Siegel, 1999).”
BackgroundLaboratory-induced cue reactivity among individuals with prescription opioid dependence
Back, S. E., Gros, D. F., McCauley, J. L., Flanagan, J. C., Cox, E., Barth, K. S., & Brady, K. T. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.04.007 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Siegel, S.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Siegel, Shepard
- Venue
- Addiction
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-08
- Volume
- 94
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1113-1124
- ISSN
- 0965-2140 (ISSN-L)
- 1360-0443
- OpenAlex
- W1985220913
- Cited by
- 102
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Addiction (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- drug addiction, classical conditioning, drug withdrawal, drug tolerance, drug craving, relapse, environmental cues, homeostatic responses, self-administration
- MeSH terms
- Conditioning, Classical, Cues, Drug Tolerance, Humans, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Substance-Related Disorders
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