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Maximal strength and power characteristics in isometric and dynamic actions of the upper and lower extremities in middle-aged and older men
Open accessAbstract
Muscle cross‐sectional area of the quadriceps femoris (CSA QF ), maximal isometric strength (handgrip test and unilateral knee extension/flexion), the shape of isometric force–time curves, and power–load curves during concentric and stretch–shortening cycle (SSC) actions with loads ranging from 15 to 70% of one repetition maximum half‐squat (1RM HS ) and bench‐press (1RM BP ) were examined in 26 middle‐aged men in the 40‐year‐old (M40) (mean age 42, range 35–46) and 21 elderly men in the 65‐year‐old age group (M65) (mean age 65, range 60–74). Maximal bilateral concentric (1RM HS and 1RM BP ), unilateral knee extension (isometric; MIF KE and concentric; 1RM KE ) strength and muscle CSA in M65 were lower ( P < 0.001) than in M40. The individual values of the CSA QF correlated with the individual values of maximal concentric 1RM HS , 1RM KE and MIF KE in M65, while the corresponding correlations were lower in M40. The maximal MIF KE value per CSA of 4.54 ± 0.7 N m cm –2 in M40 was greater ( P < 0.05–0.01) than that of 4.02 ± 0.7 N m cm –2 recorded in M65. The maximal rate of force development of the knee extensors and flexors in M65 was lower ( P < 0.01–0.001) and the heights in squat and counter‐movement jumps as much as 27–29% lower ( P < 0.001) than those recorded in M40. M65 showed lower ( P < 0.001) concentric power values for both upper and lower extremity performances than those recorded for M40. Maximal power output was maximized at the 30–45% loads for the upper extremity and at the 60–70% loads for the lower extremity extensors in both age groups. Muscle activation of the antagonists was significantly higher ( P < 0.01–0.001) during the isometric and dynamic knee extension actions in M65 than in M40. The present results support a general concept that parallel declines in muscle mass and maximal strength take place with increasing age, although loss of strength may vary in both lower and upper extremity muscles in relation to the type of action and that ageing may also lead to a decrease in voluntary neural drive to the muscles. Explosive strength and power seem to decrease with increasing age even more than maximal isometric strength in both actions but power was maximized at the 30–45% loads for the upper and at the 60–70% loads for the lower extremity action in both age groups. High antagonist muscle activity may limit the full movement efficiency depending on the type of muscle action, testing conditions and the velocity and/or the time duration of the action, especially in the elderly.
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“The ideal intensity for these sessions might range from 60% of the maximal load for upper-body exercises and 80% for lower-body exercises [132,211].”
From Global consensus on optimal exercise recommendations for enhancing healthy longevity in older adults (ICFSR) (2025) · cites this paper as [211]
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Exercise and Physical Activity for Older Adults
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Metadata
- Authors
- Izquierdo, Ibañez, Gorostiaga, Garrues, Zúñiga, Antón, Larrión, & Häkkinen
- Affiliations
- Gobierno de Navarra (ES)
- Servicio Navarro de Salud (ES)
- University of Jyväskylä (FI)
- Venue
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1999-09
- Volume
- 167
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 57-68
- ISSN
- 0001-6772 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-201X
- OpenAlex
- W2138743968
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 3.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Physiologica Scandinavica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- maximal strength, muscle power, aging, middle-aged men, older men, isometric strength, rate of force development, stretch-shortening cycle, half squat, bench press, knee extension, knee flexion, countermovement jump, antagonist muscle activation, muscle fatigue, muscle fiber composition, muscle fiber cross-sectional area
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Arm, Biomechanical Phenomena, Humans, Leg, Male, Middle Aged, Muscle Contraction
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