The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 22 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Spoor counts as indices of large carnivore populations: the relationship between spoor frequency, sampling effort and true density
Open accessAbstract
1. Studies of large carnivore populations and, particularly, reliable estimates of population density are necessary for effective conservation management. However, these animals are difficult to study, and direct methods of assessing population size and density are often expensive and time‐consuming. 2. Indirect sampling, by counting spoor, could provide repeatable and inexpensive measures of some population parameters. The relationship between true population density and indirect sampling results has seldom been described in large carnivore studies. 3. In northern Namibia the population densities of leopards, lions and wild dogs were measured through recognition of individuals and groups. Spoor counts were then conducted independently, to assess the relationship between true density and the distribution of spoor. 4. Sampling effort, both in terms of the number of roads and total road distance in a sample zone, and the intensity of sampling, had a marked effect on the accuracy and precision of spoor frequency calculations. 5. In a homogeneous habitat, leopard spoor were evenly spread along different roads and spoor frequency was independent of road length. Taking into account very low sample sizes, the spoor density of leopards, lions and wild dogs showed a strong linear correlation with true density. The slope of the regression for leopards was different to that of lions and wild dogs.
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“Sample penetration (the ratio of sum of transect lengths (km) to survey area (km2)) for most LUTs was close to the value of 7 recommended for these techniques (Stander, 1998) (Table 2).”
From The impact of land reform on the status of large carnivores in Zimbabwe (2016) · cites this paper as Stander, 1998
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Metadata
- Authors
- Stander, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stander, P. E.
- Venue
- Journal of Applied Ecology
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1998-06
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 378-385
- ISSN
- 0021-8901 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-2664
- OpenAlex
- W2023094193
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Applied Ecology (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Environment
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Census and Population Estimation
- Keywords
- large carnivores, population density estimation, indirect sampling, sampling effort, leopard, lion, wild dogs, Namibia, wildlife conservation management
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