Cited by 355Marine Invertebrate Physiology and EcologyProtist diversity and phylogenyInvertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology

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Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles

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Collins, A. G.·2002·Journal of Evolutionary Biology

DOI 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x

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Abstract

Abstract To investigate the evolution of cnidarian life cycles, data from the small subunit of the ribosome are used to derive a phylogenetic hypothesis for Medusozoa. These data indicate that Cnidaria is monophyletic and composed of Anthozoa and Medusozoa. While Cubozoa and Hydrozoa are well supported clades, Scyphozoa appears to be paraphyletic. Stauromedusae is possibly the sister group of either Cubozoa or all other medusozoans. The phylogenetic results suggest that: the polyp probably preceded the medusa in the evolution of Cnidaria; within Hydrozoa, medusa development involving the entocodon is ancestral; within Trachylina, the polyp was lost and subsequently regained in the parasitic narcomedusans; within Siphonophorae, the float originated prior to swimming bells; stauromedusans are not likely to be descended from ancestors that produced medusae by strobilation; and cubozoan polyps are simplified from those of their ancestors, which possessed polyps with gastric septa and four mesogleal muscle bands and peristomial pits.

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On the paraphyly of Cytaeididae and placement of Cytaeis within the suborder Filifera (Hydrozoa: Anthoathecata)
Prudkovsky, A. A., Nikitin, M. A., Berumen, M. L., Ivanenko, V. N., & Reimer, J. D. (2016) · Marine Biodiversity · doi:10.1007/s12526-016-0534-x · Cited by 6
“…clarified the classification and systematics of anthoathecate hydrozoans and defined their major lineages including Aplanulata, Capitata, and four filiferan clades (Collins 2000, 2002; Collins et al. 2005, 2006, 2008; Cartwright et al. 2008; Cartwright and Nawrocki 2010; Nawrocki et al. 2010).”
Background
Using Multi-Layer Perceptrons to predict the presence of jellyfish of the genus Physalia at New Zealand beaches
Pontin, D. R., Watts, M. J., & Worner, S. (2008) · International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN) · doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2008.4633947 · Cited by 5
“Physalia is considered to be one of the more primitive living jellyfish as it lacks many of the morphological characteristics associated with species that evolved later [4], [5].”
Background
A comprehensive compilation of Iberian Medusozoan data: Diversity, ecology, and omics insights
Rodrigues, T., Almeida, D., Guardiola, F. A., Borges, P. A. V., & Antunes, A. (2024) · Regional Studies in Marine Science · doi:10.1016/j.rsma.2024.103462 · Cited by 5
Re-description of Chrysaora pacifica (Goette, 1886) (Cnidaria, Scyphozoa) from Korean Coastal Waters: Morphology and Molecular Comparisons
Lee, H., Yoon, W. D., Chae, J., & Ki, J. (2016) · Ocean and Polar Research · doi:10.4217/opr.2016.38.4.295 · Cited by 5
“Moreover, C. quinquecirrha may be distributed only in eastern USA and Gulf of Mexico (Gershwin and Collins 2002).”
Background
Conuláridos misisípicos de Nochixtlán, Oaxaca, México: consideraciones sistemáticas, estratigráficas y paleobiogeográficas
Escalante-Ruiz, A. R., Quiroz-Barroso, S. A., & Sour-Tovar, F. (2014) · Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia · doi:10.4072/rbp.2014.2.07 · Cited by 5
“Phylum CNIDARIA Hatscheck, 1888 Clase SCYPHOZOA Götte, 1887 Subclase CONULATAE Collins, 2002 Familia CONULARIIDAE Walcott, 1886 Conularia Sowerby, 1821 Especie tipo.”
Describing gonad development and gametogenesis in southern Africa’s endemic box jellyfish Carybdea branchi (Cubozoa, Carybdeidae)
Mohamed, R., Skrypzeck, H., & Gibbons, M. (2019) · African Journal of Marine Science · doi:10.2989/1814232x.2019.1575282 · Cited by 5
“For size comparisons, BH and IPD were averaged and are hereafter referred to as average bell dimensions (ABD). Individuals were then preserved in 5–10% formalin for histological examination. Histological analysis Histological samples were prepared following the guidelines in Schiariti et al. (2012). One entire gonad w…”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
An Examination of Shallow-Water Hydroids (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) in Cape Breton, Nova Scotia, Using Morphology and DNA Barcoding
Penney, M. S. A., & Rawlings, T. A. (2021) · Northeastern Naturalist · doi:10.1656/045.028.m1801 · Cited by 5
“Hydroids (Cnidaria, Medusozoa, Hydrozoa, Hydroidolina) are common and often abundant constituents of marine environments around the world (Collins 2002, Daly et al. 2007).”
Background
Dermatitis Caused by Coelenterates
Bonamonte, D., Filoni, A., Verni, P., & Angelini, G. D. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40615-2_3 · Cited by 5
Epidermis
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0004 · Cited by 5
Morphological and molecular data in the study of the evolution, population genetics and taxonomy of Rhizostomeae
Gamero‐Mora, E., Lawley, J. W., Maronna, M. M., Stampar, S. N., Muhlia‐Almazán, A., & Morandini, A. C. (2024) · Advances in marine biology · doi:10.1016/bs.amb.2024.09.001 · Cited by 4
Trachylina: The Group That Remains Enigmatic Despite 150 Years of Investigations
Osadchenko, B., & Kraus, Y. A. (2018) · Russian Journal of Developmental Biology · doi:10.1134/s1062360418030074 · Cited by 4
“Although it morphologically resembles other hydroid polyps, it obviously appeared in the life cycle of parasitic Narcomedusae secondarily (Bouillon, 1987; Collins, 2002).”
Influential
Medusozoans (Cnidaria) from the Mexican Pacific: a review based on historical literature and recent observations
Estrada-González, M. C., Agüero, J., & Mendoza‐Becerril, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Natural History · doi:10.1080/00222933.2023.2214967 · Cited by 4
Reproductive and environmental traits explain the variation in egg size among Medusozoa (Cnidaria)
García‐Rodríguez, J., Cunha, A. F., Morales-Guerrero, A., González‐Chaves, A., Camacho, A., Miranda, L. S., Serrano, F. C., Jaimes‐Becerra, A., & Marques, A. C. (2023) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2023.0543 · Cited by 4
“The medusa, when present, is the sexual adult phase carrying the gonads and gametes [22,23].”
Background
Development of a real-time PCR assay (SYBR Green I) for rapid identification and quantification of scyphomedusae Aurelia sp.1 planulae
Wang, J., Zhen, Y., Mi, T., Yu, Z., & Wang, G. (2015) · Chinese Journal of Oceanology and Limnology · doi:10.1007/s00343-015-4091-0 · Cited by 4
“Molecular studies performed on cnidarians so far have mainly applied nuclear markers to resolve their phylogeny and phylogeography using tissues from the medusa stage (Zrzavý et al., 1998; Collins, 2002, Collins and Daly, 2005; Collins et al., 2006; Ki et al., 2008, 2009; Bayha et al., 2010).”
Background
Excretory systems
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0009 · Cited by 4
Variations on a theme? Polyp and medusa development in Podocoryna carnea
Bridge, D. M., Ha, C. T., Nemir, A., Renden, A., Rorick, M. M., Shaffer, A., Underkoffler, D. M., Wills, A. E., & Martínez, D. E. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-2762-8_35 · Cited by 4
Occurrence of the hydromedusa Moerisia cf. inkermanica (Hydrozoa, Moerisiidae) in the ballast water of oil tankers in the Gulf of Mexico
Ahuatzin-Hernández, J. M., Ordoñez‐López, U., Herrera-Rodríguez, M., & Olvera-Novoa, M. A. (2024) · Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom · doi:10.1017/s002531542400050x · Cited by 3
Pharmaceutical Potential of Jellyfish Derived Bioactive Compounds: Classification and Their Mechanism of Action
Nautiyal, S., Singh, S. J., Srivastava, S., Chellakkumar, M., Balde, A., Benjakul, S., & Nazeer, R. A. (2025) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1007/s43450-025-00631-1 · Cited by 3
“Depending on their life cycle, they can exist either as solitary organisms or as colonies (Collins 2002).”
Scolionema sanshin sp. n., a new species (Hydrozoa, Limnomedusae, Olindiidae) from the Ryukyu Archipelago, southern Japan
Toshino, S. (2017) · Zootaxa · doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4344.2.4 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, molecular phylogenetic analyses have suggested that Moerisiidae and Proboscidactylidae are more closely related to anthoathecate species than they are to Limnomedusae (Collins 2002; Collins et al. 2006).”
Background
Ernst Haeckel’s mysterious species, Part II: African Chirodropida (Cnidaria, Cubomedusae)
Straehler-Pohl, I., Ghepdeu, G. F. Y., Chougong, D. T., Tchoumbougnang, F., & Morandini, A. C. (2022) · Plankton and Benthos Research · doi:10.3800/pbr.17.406 · Cited by 3
Description of a common stauromedusa on the Pacific Coast of the United States and Canada, Haliclystus sanjuanensis new species (Cnidaria: Staurozoa)
Mills, C. E., Westlake, H. E., Hirano, Y. M., & Miranda, L. S. (2023) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.15944 · Cited by 3
Diversity of freshwater hydrozoans from Neotropical region: an annotated inventory of species
Deserti, M. I., Stampar, S. N., & Acuña, F. H. (2023) · Revista de Biología Tropical · doi:10.15517/rev.biol.trop..v71is3.56470 · Cited by 3
“…the cosmopolitan Hydra sp., the simple and solitary polyps without medusae; Cordylophorinae, the colonial hydroids Cordylophora sp. and Pachy-cordyle sp.; the freshwater medusae Craspeda-custa sp. and Limnocnida sp. and the enigmatic polyp Calpasoma sp. (Bouillon & Boero, 2000; Collins, 2002).”
Background
Variations on a theme? Polyp and medusa development in Podocoryna carnea
Bridge, D. M., Ha, C. T., Nemir, A., Renden, A., Rorick, M. M., Shaffer, A., Underkoffler, D. M., Wills, A. E., & Martínez, D. E. (2004) · Hydrobiologia · doi:10.1007/s10750-004-2640-1 · Cited by 3
“…of both morphological and molecular data sets suggest that the class Anthozoa, whose members possess only the polyp stage, is basal within the phylum, and that the classes possessing a medusa stage form a monophyletic group (Schuchert, 1993; Bridge et al., 1995; Kim et al., 1999; Collins, 2002).”
Background
Nematocyst Types and Characteristics in the Tentacles of Gershwinia thailandensis and Morbakka sp. (Cubozoa: Carybdeida) from the Gulf of Thailand
Yasanga, T., Santidherakul, S., Wunnapuk, K., Phuackchantuck, R., Thaikruea, L., Achalawitkun, T., & Rungraung, P. (2024) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology13100845 · Cited by 2
“According to Collins [1], Cnidaria is monophyletic, consisting of Anthozoa and Medusozoa.”
Background
Sensory organs
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0007 · Cited by 2
Analyses of Stalked Jellyfish in Kitsunezaki, Japan: Calvadosia nagatensis, and Two Lineages of Haliclystus inabai with Early Life Stages Observed in an Aquarium in Canada
Adriansyah, A. S., Astri, A., Hirano, Y. M., Collins, A. G., Deshaies, M.-L., Putra, D., Sekiguchi, S., Ikeda, S., Okuizumi, K., Chikuchishin, M., et al. (2022) · Hydrobiology · doi:10.3390/hydrobiology1030019 · Cited by 2
Self-citation
Gametes (Spermatozoa)
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0014 · Cited by 2
Estudo filogeográfico de duas espécies de medusozoários (Cnidaria), Liriope tetraphylla (Trachymedusae, Gerioniidae) e Olindias sambaquiensis (Limnomedusae, Olindiasidae), em uma região do Oceano Atlântico Sul-Ocidental
Ale, E. (2008) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2008.tde-18072008-162018 · Cited by 2
Anatomia associada ao comportamento reprodutivo de Cubozoa
Rodríguez, J. G. (2016) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2016.tde-21012016-164907 · Cited by 2
Evolution and diversification of the cnidarian venom system
Jouiaei, M. (2016) · The University of Queensland · doi:10.14264/uql.2016.910 · Cited by 2
“family lack the medusa stage [21] and the members of the order Trachymedusae never form polyps [16].”
Background
Myxozoa, Polypodium, and the origin of the Bilateria: The phylogenetic position of “Endocnidozoa” in light of the rediscovery of Buddenbrockia
(2003) · Cladistics · doi:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2003.tb00305.x · Cited by 2
“The comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the cnidarian SSU sequences (Collins, 2002) indeed retrieves monophyletic Cnidaria and Hydrozoa (¼Hydroidolina and Trachylina, the latter including the Narcomedusae) but an uncertain position of Polypodium and Myxozoa outside the Hydrozoa (A.G. Collins,…”
Background
Biology, ecology and ecophysiology of the box jellyfish Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) = Biologia, ecologia i ecofisiologia de la cubomedusa Carybdea marsupialis (Cnidaria: Cubozoa)
Acevedo, M. (2016) · doi:10.5821/dissertation-2117-105571 · Cited by 2
Enigmatic discoidal macrofossils with central ring from the Ediacaran Jiangchuan biota, Southwest China
Zhao, M., Zhang, Y., Tang, F., Li, Y., Li, M., Zhong, L., & Ren, L. (2025) · Papers in Palaeontology · doi:10.1002/spp2.70005 · Cited by 1
Investigating the evolution and features of regeneration using cnidarians
Macias-Muñoz, A. (2025) · Integrative and Comparative Biology · doi:10.1093/icb/icaf006 · Cited by 2
“Cnidarians have diverse life cycles, which may influence their ability and their method of regeneration ( Collins 2002 ).”
Metamorphosis in Aurelia aurita from polyp to medusa: assessing composition and metabolism throughout development
Romero-Kutzner, V., Bondyale-Juez, D. R., Martínez, I., Herrera, A., Packard, T. T., & Gómez, M. (2025) · Marine Life Science & Technology · doi:10.1007/s42995-025-00329-2 · Cited by 2
“The polyp form is regarded as the ancestral cnidarian adult body plan, with the medusa form considered a later secondary derivative (Brooks 1886; Collins 2002; Hadži 1953; Haeckel 1879; Korschelt and Heider 1893; Salvini-Plawen 1987).”
Marine Invertebrate-Inspired Thermal Management: Functional Materials, Structural Architectures, and Integrated Systems
Jung, H., Shin, I., Kim, S., Jung, S., Kim, J., & Bae, W. (2026) · Biomimetics · doi:10.3390/biomimetics11060373 · Cited by 1
“The medusa stage—typically free-swimming and bell-shaped—constitutes the characteristic sexual phase of most medusozoans and is regarded as a derived feature within Cnidaria [82,83].”
The Portuguese man-of-war genome reveals the genetic basis of medusa loss and sea–air interface adaptation
Wang, F., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Huang, X., Wang, L., Yu, Z., She, J., Ma, X., Qin, Q., Wang, W., et al. (2026) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwag374 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, Hox1 is specifically expressed in the medusa-forming stage of the hydrozoans, cubozoans, and scyphozoans we had examined, despite their divergent free-living medusa-developing mechanisms [70 ].”
Comparative analysis of transposable elements in jellyfish and hydroid species (Cnidaria: Medusozoa)
Mays, A., Cabrera, F. P., & Macias-Muñoz, A. (2026) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-026-13353-y · Cited by 1
Phanerozoic evolution—Ediacaran biota
Cabej, N. R. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-814311-7.00002-0 · Cited by 2
Respiratory systems
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0011 · Cited by 1
Nervous system
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0006 · Cited by 1
First records of hydroid epibionts on the introduced macroalga Gracilaria parvispora in the Mexican Pacific
Mendoza‐Becerril, M. A., Murillo-Torres, P., Servière‐Zaragoza, E., León-Cisneros, K., Mazariegos‐Villarreal, A., López-Vivas, J. M., & Agüero, J. (2024) · Biodiversity Data Journal · doi:10.3897/bdj.12.e130248 · Cited by 1
General body organization
Schmidt‐Rhaesa, A. (2007) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198566687.003.0003 · Cited by 1
Article Regulation of Polyp-to-Jellyfish Transition in Aurelia aurita
Wang, W., Graspeuntner, S., Li, Y., Insua, S., Herbst, E.-M., Dirksen, P., Hemmrich, G., Sommer, F., Domazet‐Lošo, T., Klostermeier, U. C., et al. (2014) · Cited by 1
Cnidaria
Leitz, T. (2015) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199682201.003.0005 · Cited by 1
Ceriantharia: a retomada de um clado esquecido
Stampar, S. N. (2012) · Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (Universidade de São Paulo) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2012.tde-16072012-151403 · Cited by 1
Conformação gonadal, caracterização histoquímica e ultraestrutural da gônada masculina e espermatozoides em espécies de águas-vivas (Cubozoa e Scyphozoa, Medusozoa, Cnidaria)
Tiseo, G. R. (2017) · doi:10.11606/d.41.2017.tde-13032017-161247 · Cited by 1

Authors: Collins, A. G.
Affiliations: University of California, Berkeley (US)
Corresponding author: Collins, A. G.
ORCID: Collins, A. G.
Venue: Journal of Evolutionary Biology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 2002-05-01
Volume: 15
Issue: 3
Pages: 418-432
ISSN: 1010-061X (ISSN-L)
1420-9101
DOI: 10.1046/j.1420-9101.2002.00403.x
OpenAlex: W2098787235
Cited by: 355
References: 62
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 16 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 7
FWCI: 17.71
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor)
Locations: Journal of Evolutionary Biology (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Science Foundation (9814845)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Marine Invertebrate Physiology and Ecology
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Protist diversity and phylogeny
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Invertebrate Taxonomy and Ecology
Keywords: Medusozoa, Anthozoa, Cubozoa, Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Siphonophorae, strobilation, monophyly

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Phylogeny of Medusozoa and the evolution of cnidarian life cycles

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