Evolutionary aspects of developmentally regulated helix-loop-helix transcription factors in striated muscle of jellyfish

May combine two claims.

The Ash bHLH domain has 65% identity with mouse Ash1, 59% with Drosophila achaete or scute, and 52% with the C. elegans homologue T24B8.6.

“showing 65% sequence identity with mouse Ash1, 59% with Drosophila achaete or scute, and 52% with the C. elegans homologue T24B8.6.”

May combine two claims.

Id was found eight times, whereas the other three transcription factors were isolated only once in the screen.

“Id was found eight times, whereas the other three transcription factors were isolated only once in the screen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Id was also isolated independently using mouse MyoD1 as bait.

“Id was also isolated independently using mouse MyoD1 as bait.”

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Id has 32-43% identity to Drosophila emc and the four mouse Id family members Id1-4, significantly higher than to all bHLH proteins with a basic domain.

“Sequence similarities are relatively low with only 32-43% identity to Drosophila emc and the four mouse Id family members Id1-4 but significantly higher than to all bHLH proteins with a basic domain.”

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Ash aligns over its entire length with Hydra CnASH at 60% identity, and their bHLH regions are 87% identical.

“The sequence can be aligned over the entire length with the Hydra CnASH protein (Grens et al., 1995) with 60% of sequence identity.Within their bHLH regions the two proteins are 87% iden- tical.”

• cites Grens et al., 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Ash was isolated as a full-length clone and encodes a 158-amino-acid protein with the bHLH domain spanning amino acids 67 to 120.

“Podocoryne Ash was isolated as a full-length clone and encodes a protein of 158 amino acids with the bHLH domain spanning amino acids 67 to 120”

May combine two claims.

The 107-amino-acid Podocoryne Id fragment is encoded by a partial cDNA clone and lacks the basic region N-terminal to the HLH domain from amino acids 24 to 64.

“The 107 amino acid fragment of Podocoryne Id is encoded by a partial cDNA clone and is lacking the basic region Nterminal to the HLH domain from amino acids 24 to 64”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A total of 3.4 × 10^7 yeast clones were screened, and 518 clones grew on selective media.

“A total of 3.4 ϫ 10 7 yeast clones were screened and 518 clones grew on selective media.”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1, Ash, and Id were isolated with the Drosophila daughterless bait, while Net-like was isolated using JellyD1 as bait.

“JellyD1, Ash, and Id were isolated with the Drosophila daughterless bait while the Net-like transcription factor was isolated using JellyD1 as bait.”

May combine two claims.

Except for Net-like, all gene products interact with Drosophila daughterless, and all four interact with vertebrate MyoD.

“Except for Net-like, all gene products were found to interact with Drosophila daughterless and all four were found to interact with vertebrate MyoD.”

May combine two claims.

HLH domains show high sequence conservation within each subfamily but only moderate conservation between subfamilies.

“The HLH domains from the different protein subfamilies show a high degree of sequence conservation within each subfamily but only moderate conservation between subfamilies”

May combine two claims.

Id is expressed during medusa budding and in the adult medusa.

“Id is expressed during the medusa budding process and in the adult medusa”

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Net-like lacks a proline-rich region thought to be important for transcriptional repression in Drosophila Net and lacks a leucine zipper domain characteristic of Myc and Max family members.

“Furthermore Podocoryne Net-like does not contain a proline-rich region thought to be important for transcriptional repression in Drosophila Net (Brentrup et al., 2000) or a leucine zipper domain characteristic for Myc and Max family members.”

• cites Brentrup et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Myofiber differentiation rises sharply after stage 5 and stops after stage 8, when proliferation in the striated muscle layer has ceased.

“Myofiber differentiation strongly increases after stage 5 and ends after stage 8 when cell proliferation in the striated muscle layer has stopped (Schmid, 1972).”

• cites Schmid, 1972Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Ash interacted strongly with Id when fused to LexA, whereas the same proteins expressed from the opposite vectors interacted only weakly.

“For example, Podocoryne Ash interacted strongly with Id when fused to LexA, whereas the same proteins expressed from the opposite vectors interacted only weakly”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Twist interacted with JellyD1 and Id but not with the mouse or Xenopus MyoD fusion proteins.

“Moreover, Podocoryne Twist interacted with JellyD1 and Id but not with the mouse or Xenopus MyoD fusion proteins”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

Net-like is a 148-amino-acid protein with the bHLH domain spanning amino acids 49 to 99.

“The gene encodes a 148 amino acid protein with the bHLH domain spanning amino acids 49 to 99”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 expression is very weak in gastrulation, stronger in the planula larva, and restarts in the late medusa bud stages.

“JellyD1 expression is very weak in gastrulation, stronger in the planula larva, and restarts again in the late medusa bud stages”

May combine two claims.

RT-PCR demonstrates the presence of Ash and Net-like transcripts in the unfertilized egg, in all stages of the life cycle, and in all medusa bud stages.

“Expression analysis by RT-PCR demonstrates the presence of the Ash and Net-like transcripts in the unfertilized egg, in all stages of the life cycle and in all medusa bud stages”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 interacted with daughterless and with Id.

“As expected for a MyoD-like factor, JellyD1 interacted with Da and with Id.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

From stage 9 onward and in the adult medusa, no DNA replication occurs in bell-forming tissues, but proliferation continues in the manubrium and tentacle bulbs.

“From stage 9 on and in the adult medusa no DNA replication occurs in the tissues which form the bell; however, cell proliferation is observed in the manubrium and in the tentacle bulbs (Schmid, 1972;Spring et al., 2000).”

• cites Schmid, 1972Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Spring et al., 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 is a 109-amino-acid protein with the bHLH domain spanning amino acids 24 to 76.

“JellyD1 is a protein of 109 amino acids with the bHLH domain spanning amino acids 24 to 76.”

May combine two claims.

Interactions between JellyD1 and Podocoryne Twist were detected, while both vertebrate MyoD constructs did not interact with Podocoryne Twist.

“Surprisingly, interactions between JellyD1 and Podocoryne Twist were detected while both MyoD constructs from vertebrates did not interact with Podocoryne Twist.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 homodimerized and interacted with the mouse and Xenopus MyoD homologues.

“Homodimerization of JellyD1 and interactions with the mouse as well as the Xenopus MyoD homologues were”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

The entocodon cavity is fully closed off until stage 5, and from stage 6-7 a velar opening forms through which growing tentacles enter the cavity.

“Up to stage 5 the entocodon cavity is completely sealed off from the outside but from stage 6 -7 on the velar opening forms through which the growing tentacles are pushed into the entocodon cavity.”

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Id formed heterodimers with all tested proteins but did not form homodimers.

“Podocoryne Id was able to form heterodimers with all tested proteins, but no homodimers”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

Net-like interacted with JellyD1, Id, and vertebrate MyoD constructs, but no interaction with Drosophila daughterless was detected.

“Net-like not only interacts with JellyD1 but also with Id and vertebrate MyoD constructs, while no interaction with the Drosophila daughterless protein could be detected.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Ash formed heterodimers with the Podocoryne transcriptional repressor Id, consistent with the interaction of achaete-scute and Id family members in Drosophila.

“Furthermore, it formed heterodimers with the Podocoryne transcriptional repressor Id, consistent with the interaction of members of the achaete-scute and Id families in Drosophila”

• cites Cabrera et al., 1994Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Tentacle bulbs and tentacles differentiate distally without any cellular contribution from the entocodon.

“Also distally the tentacle bulbs and tentacles will differentiate, however, without any cellular contribution from the entocodon.”

May combine two claims.

Net-like is most similar to the Drosophila bHLH transcriptional repressor Net at 35% identity and almost equally similar to members of the Myc and Max families.

“When compared to the databases, the Net-like protein is most similar to the Drosophila bHLH transcriptional repressor Net (35% identity; Brentrup et al., 2000) and almost equally similar to the members of the Myc and Max families”

• cites Brentrup et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Grandori et al., 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Occasionally, in a few old larvae, some cells at the most anterior pole showed Id staining.

“Occasionally, in a few old larvae some cells at the most anterior pole showed some staining”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 also shows sequence similarities to the bHLH domains of Hand and Hen family members, and phylogenetic analysis cannot assign it to a specific subfamily.

“However, sequence similarities are also seen with the bHLH domains of members of the Hand and Hen families and phylogenetic analysis cannot assign JellyD1 to a specific subfamily”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 contains the two crucial amino acid residues in the correct position in its basic region, while the lysine is replaced by a glutamic acid residue.

“JellyD1 contains these two crucial amino acid residues in the correct position in its basic region, while the lysine is replaced by a glutamic acid residue.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The late bud stages become a functional medusa at stage 9, and within minutes the bell mesoglea swells.

“The transformation of the late bud stages into a functional medusa occurs at stage 9. Within a few minutes the mesoglea of the bell swells (Schmid, 1972).”

• cites Schmid, 1972Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 alanine 32 and threonine 33 correspond to alanine 114 and threonine 115 in mouse MyoD1, while lysine 124 is not conserved.

“Alanine 32 and threonine 33 correspond to alanine 114 and threonine 115 in mouse MyoD1, while lysine 124 is not conserved”

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Twist did not bind to daughterless, while Drosophila Twist and daughterless interacted.

“The Podocoryne Twist protein, despite its high level of sequence conservation, did not bind to Da, while Drosophila Twist and Da interacted”

• cites Castanon et al., 2001Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

Id staining occurs throughout bud development, beginning in the distal endoderm of the first bud stage and later in the manubrium anlage and radial canal endoderm.

“In situ analysis (Fig. 5) demonstrates that Id staining is present throughout bud development, starting in the distal endoderm of the very first bud stage and from then on in the manubrium anlage (feeding and sex organ) and in the endoderm of the radial canals.”

May combine two claims.

The stage 2 entocodon has no Net-like staining, but from later stages onward the entocodon and differentiating and mature bell muscle stain.

“The very young entocodon of stage 2 shows no staining but in all later stages the entocodon and the differentiating and fully developed muscle of the bell stain.”

May combine two claims.

At stage 5-6, Ash staining appears in interradial ectoderm cells and in the manubrium anlage endoderm.

“At stage 5-6 cells in the interradial ectoderm and in the endoderm of the manubrium anlage stain.”

May combine two claims.

When the entocodon cavitates at stage 3-4, Id staining increases and stays strong through striated and smooth muscle differentiation, persisting into late bud stages 8-10.

“When the entocodon forms a cavity at stage 3-4, entocodal staining increases and remains strong throughout the differentiation process of the striated and smooth muscle and even persists into the late bud stage 8 -10 when the muscle is fully differentiated.”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 interacts with itself and with Da, Id, MyoD, Net-like, and Twist, while Ash interacts only with Da and Id.

“JellyD1 interacts with itself and with Da, Id, MyoD, Net-like, and Twist, while Ash interacts only with Da and Id.”

May combine two claims.

No Ash staining was seen in plate cells or developing muscle tissue.

“No staining was observed in the plate cells and the developing muscle tissue.”

May combine two claims.

Consistent with the idea that JellyD1 is a MyoD homologue, the gene is absent in early entocodon stages 1-4 and appears later when cells begin forming striated myofibrils.

“In accordance with the hypothesis that JellyD1 represents a MyoD homologue the gene is not expressed in the early stages of entocodon development (stages 1-4, Figs.3B and 5) but later when the cells start to differentiate the striated myofibrils.”

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 staining first appears in the distal manubrium endoderm, developing gonads, and differentiating striated and smooth bell muscle.

“The first staining is detected in the distal endoderm of the manubrium, the developing gonads, and in the differentiating striated and smooth muscle of the bell.”

May combine two claims.

Twist is weakly expressed in differentiating muscle but strongly expressed in plate cells.

“Twist, another negative regulator of myogenesis in Bilateria, is only weakly expressed in the differentiating muscle but strongly in the plate cells (control in Fig. 5; Spring et al., 2002).”

• cites Spring et al., 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

Net-like staining is also present in the gonads.

“Staining is also found in the gonads.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Drosophila daughterless has been used successfully in cross-phyla screens and interacts with the Hydra achaete-scute homologue CnASH.

“The Drosophila E-protein homologue daughterless has been used successfully in cross-phyla screens (Lee et al., 1995) and interacts with a cnidarian bHLH factor, the Hydra achaete-scute homologue CnASH (Grens et al., 1995).”

• cites Lee et al., 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Grens et al., 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Hydra CnASH dimerizes with Drosophila Da and binds in vitro to the E-box consensus sequence specific for Drosophila achaete-scute complex proteins.

“The CnASH protein from Hydra is able to dimerize with the Drosophila protein Da and binds in vitro to the E-box consensus sequence specific for the Drosophila achaetescute complex proteins”

• cites Grens et al., 1995Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Id family members heterodimerize with many different bHLH proteins and antagonize their functions, forming complexes incapable of binding DNA.

“The Id protein family members heterodimerize with many different bHLH proteins and thus antagonize their functions, resulting in a form that is incapable of binding DNA”

• cites Norton, 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne cognates of bilaterian genes specific for mesoderm formation and myogenesis are highly conserved and show comparable expression patterns.

“Recently it has been demonstrated that the Podocoryne cognates of bilaterian genes specific for mesoderm formation and myogenesis are highly conserved and show comparable expression patterns.”

• cites Spring et al., 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Spring et al., 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mouse MyoD1 has been reported to interact with Twist, but this interaction is not a conventional HLH-HLH interaction and also requires the basic domains of the two proteins.

“Mouse MyoD1 has been reported to interact with Twist; however, the interaction is not a result of a conventional HLH-HLH interaction but also requires the basic domains of the two proteins”

• cites Hamamori et al., 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The volume increase unfolds the bell tissues, moves the tentacles outward, and triggers rhythmic contractions in the striated muscle that free the medusa from the mother polyp.

“The increase in volume unfolds the bell tissues causing the tentacles to attain their external position and activates rhythmic contractions in the striated muscle, a process that liberates the medusa from the mother polyp.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Members of the MyoD family were reported to form only heterodimers.

“unexpected since members of the MyoD family were reported to form only heterodimers”

• cites Hu et al., 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Lassar et al., 1991Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Podocoryne Ash did not form homodimers or interact with JellyD1 and Twist, indicating that it can discriminate between different bHLH proteins.

“Formation of homodimers or interactions with tissue-specific transcription factors such as JellyD1 and Twist could not be detected, indicating that Podocoryne Ash is able to discriminate between the different bHLH proteins.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

E-12 proteins do not homodimerize, which is consistent with the results obtained with the Drosophila E-protein homologue daughterless.

“Homodimerization of the E-12 proteins does not occur (Maleki et al., 1997), which is consistent with our results with the Drosophila E-protein homologue daughterless”

• cites Maleki et al., 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

During medusa bud development, the entocodon forms a cavity that becomes the future subumbrellar space.

“During this process the entocodon forms a cavity, the future subumbrellar space”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At stage 4, the four radial canal tubes that were connected at stage 3 become separated by the growing bud but remain connected via the outgrowth of a thin monoepithelial cell layer, the subumbrellar plate or gastrodermal lamella.

“At stage 4 the four radial canal tubes which at stage 3 were connected become separated by the growing bud; however, they remain connected via the outgrowth of a thin monoepithelial cell layer, the subumbrellar plate, or gastrodermal lamella”

May combine two claims.

The daughterless heterodimer results indicate a conserved structure and dimerization function of the Podocoryne bHLH proteins.

“indicating a conserved structure and dimerization function of the Podocoryne bHLH proteins.”

• AssumptionThe authors state this as an assumption: The strength of reporter gene activation, as measured by lacZ activity, reflects the strength of the protein-protein interactions.

May combine two claims.

The C. elegans MyoD homologue Ce-MyoD was recently found to be functional as a homodimer and as a heterodimer with the C. elegans daughterless homologue Ce/DA.

“However, the C. elegans MyoD homologue Ce-MyoD was recently found to be functional also as homoand heterodimer with the C. elegans daughterless homologue Ce/DA”

• cites Zhang et al., 1999 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Because no signal resulted from six different primer combinations, the Id larval staining is regarded as an artifact, probably due to local most anterior gland cells.

“However, since no signal resulted in six different primer combinations, we regard this Id staining as an artifact, probably due to the local most anterior gland cells.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The thin smooth muscle threads running over the radial canals apparently also originate from the entocodon, although the details of their differentiation are unknown.

“How the thin threads of smooth muscle which run on top and perpendicular to the striated muscle over the radial canals differentiate in detail (Fig. 5, colored in yellow) is not known; however, they apparently also derive from the entocodon.”

May combine two claims.

This process places the striated and smooth muscle in an ectodermal position, which has obscured the true nature of the bell muscle.

“This process brings the striated and smooth muscle into an ectodermal position, a situation that has helped to disguise the true character of the bell muscle (Boero et al., 1998).”

• cites Boero et al., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

At stage 3-4, the entocodon enlarges and the endoderm pushes distally around it, forming four tubes destined to become the four radial canals.

“At stage 3-4 (Fig. 5), the entocodon enlarges and the endoderm pushes distally around the entocodon forming four tubes destined to become the four radial canals.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vertebrate MyoD-MyoD homodimerization occurs in vitro, and these complexes are equally stable as MyoD-E-12 heterodimers.

“It has also been shown that vertebrate MyoD-MyoD homodimerization occurs in vitro and that these complexes are equally stable as MyoD-E-12 heterodimers.”

• cites Maleki et al., 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

A more detailed mutational analysis indicated that alanine and threonine are sufficient to mediate myogenic specificity, while lysine is not necessary in this context.

“A more detailed mutational analysis has indicated that the alanine and the threonine are sufficient to mediate the myogenic specificity, while the lysine is not necessary in this context”

• cites Davis and Weintraub, 1992Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

No other bHLH transcription factor except the myogenic activators has an alanine together with a threonine residue at those crucial positions, while alanine alone is found in many bHLH transcription factors.

“No other bHLH transcription factor except the myogenic activators have an alanine together with a threonine residue at those crucial positions, while alanine alone is found in many bHLH transcription factors.”

May combine two claims.

Dimerization data suggest Id may partner with bHLH factors such as JellyD1 and Net-like to promote myogenesis from entocodal tissues, and may also partner with Twist in plate cells to inhibit muscle differentiation.

“The dimerization data suggest that Id may associate with bHLH transcription factors such as JellyD1 and Net-like to promote myogenesis from entocodal tissues; however, it may also associate with Twist in the plate cells (Fig. 2B) to inhibit muscle differentiation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Vertebrate Achaete-scute homologues have a proneural function and may also help precursors transition to differentiated cells.

“Vertebrate Achaete-scute homologues have a proneural function and might also be involved in the transition of precursors to differentiated cells (Lee, 1997).”

• cites Lee, 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 message occurs in both developing muscle types, similar to MyoD homologues in other bilaterian invertebrates that have additional functions beyond striated muscle specification.

“The JellyD1 message is present in both of the developing muscle types similar to MyoD homologues from other bilaterian invertebrates where the gene has other functions in addition to the specification of striated muscle (Harfe et al., 1998).”

• cites Harfe et al., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

JellyD1 expression fits a regulatory role in striated muscle determination and differentiation, and its presence in fully differentiated muscle suggests it maintains the differentiated state.

“JellyD1 expression is consistent with a regulatory function in determination and differentiation of striated muscle cells and similar to Id and Net-like it is expressed in fully differentiated muscle, suggesting that its expression is needed for the maintenance of the differentiated state.”

May combine two claims.

The unique Id expression pattern in medusa formation and the sequence and expression data for bHLH and other mesodermal genes support the idea that a free-living, planktonic ancestor originated the striated muscle lineage, not a sessile polyp that never forms this cell type.

“However, the unique expression pattern of Id in medusa formation and the sequence and expression data of the bHLH and other mesodermal genes (Spring et al., 2000(Spring et al., , 2002) ) rather support the idea that a free-living, planktonic ancestor invented the striated muscle lineage and not a sessile polyp which, at least in all extant species, never differentiates this cell type.”

• cites Spring et al., 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Spring et al., 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In Bilateria, striated muscle is generally derived from mesoderm, a third germ layer that Cnidaria are thought to lack.

May combine two claims.

The medusa stage appears to have been reduced as a secondary event in the common ancestor of all extant Anthozoa, as also seen in some Hydrozoa such as Hydra.

“Hence, it appears that the medusa stage was reduced as a secondary event in the common ancestor of all extant Anthozoa, as is seen also in some Hydrozoa such as the freshwater polyp Hydra (Schuchert, 1993;reviewed in Bouillon, 1994).”

• cites Schuchert, 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Bouillon, 1994Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: All extant Anthozoa, such as corals and sea anemones, lack a medusa stage.

May combine two claims.

Although sequence data cannot unequivocally place JellyD1 in the MyoD family, two conserved key amino acids, the conserved interaction network, and the myogenic expression pattern indicate that Podocoryne JellyD1 corresponds to MyoD of higher animals.

“Although sequence data do not allow us to group JellyD1 unequivocally with the MyoD family members, the two conserved crucial amino acids, the conserved interaction network, and the expression pattern during myogenesis indicate that Podocoryne JellyD1 corresponds to the MyoD of higher animals.”

May combine two claims.

Phylogenetic analysis confirms that Podocoryne Id, Ash, and Twist are true orthologues of Drosophila, mouse, and Hydra proteins, whereas Net-like and JellyD1 are more derived and cannot be grouped unequivocally.

“The analysis confirms that Podocoryne Id, Ash, and Twist are true orthologues of proteins from Drosophila, mouse, and Hydra, while Net-like and JellyD1 are more derived and cannot be grouped unequivocally.”

May combine two claims.

These and published data show a bilaterian-like cascade of developmentally regulated myogenic control genes in jellyfish, emphasizing the evolutionary importance of the entocodon as an ancestral, mesoderm-like structure.

“However, these and published data demonstrate the presence of a bilaterian-like cascade of developmentally regulated myogenic control genes in jellyfish (Spring et al., 2000(Spring et al., , 2002)), which stress the evolutionary importance of the entocodon as an ancestral, mesoderm-like structure.”

• cites Spring et al., 2000 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Spring et al., 2002Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: In Bilateria, striated muscle is generally derived from mesoderm, a third germ layer that Cnidaria are thought to lack.

May combine two claims.

Because Id is transiently expressed in plate cells and these cells lack myofilaments, Id may inhibit myogenesis in this cell type.

“Since Id is transiently expressed in the plate cells and since the plate cells lack myofilaments, Id may act as an inhibitor for myogenesis in this cell type.”

May combine two claims.

In Drosophila and vertebrates, Twist and Snail family members are needed for mesoderm specification and cooperate with Mef2 and MyoD family members during myogenesis.

“In Drosophila and vertebrates, Twist (Cripps et al., 1998) and Snail (Hemavathy et al., 2000;Manazanares et al., 2001) family members are required for mesoderm specification and act together with the Mef2 and MyoD (Baylies et al., 1998) family members in myogenesis.”

• cites Cripps et al., 1998Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Hemavathy et al., 2000Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Baylies et al., 1998 sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

The authors propose that JellyD1 belongs to this myogenic cascade and acts downstream of Twist and Snail during muscle differentiation.

“We propose JellyD1 to be a member of this cascade and a downstream target of Twist and Snail in the muscle differentiation process.”

May combine two claims.

In Drosophila and vertebrates, Id binds other transcription factors and inhibits muscle differentiation.

“In Drosophila (Cubas et al., 1994) and vertebrates (Jen et al., 1997) Id associates with other transcription factors to inhibit muscle differentiation.”

• cites Cubas et al., 1994Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites Jen et al., 1997Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Drosophila, achaete-scute complex members are proneural proteins involved in external sensory organ formation.

“In Drosophila, members of the achaete-scute complex are proneural proteins and are involved in external sensory organ formation (Jan and Jan, 1993).”

• cites Jan and Jan, 1993Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.