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Emodin – a secondary metabolite with multiple ecological functions in higher plants
Open accessAbstract
Summary: The anthraquinone emodin, identified in 17 plant families distributed worldwide, has numerous biological activities, some of which exhibit a wide spectrum of ecological impacts by mediating biotic or abiotic interactions of plants with their environment. Here the evidence for direct and indirect effects of emodin on plant survival and reproduction is reviewed. Emodin in vegetative organs may help protect plants against herbivores, pathogens, competitors and extrinsic abiotic factors (e.g. high light intensities). In unripe fruit pulp, emodin may facilitate seed dispersal by protecting the immature fruit against predispersal seed predation whereas in ripe pulp it may deter frugivores and thus reduce the chances that seeds will be defecated beneath the parent plant. It also accelerates the passage of seeds through the digestive tract, potentially reducing dispersal distance and increasing seed viability upon dispersal. In certain circumstances both of the last two effects could also have negative fitness consequences for plants. Natural selection should favor secondary metabolites with multiple functions because they protect the plants against a variety of unpredictable biotic and abiotic environments. Such metabolites also enhance plant defenses by using different molecular targets of specific enemies through a variety of mechanisms of action. Emodin illustrates the wide and often overlooked potential for chemical multifunctionality in plant secondary metabolites.
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“Quinones are key secondary metabolites with vital biological functions, such as oxidative phosphorylation and electron transfer in photosynthesis and respiration processes within the plant system [30].”
From Natural Quinone Dyes: A Review on Structure, Extraction Techniques, Analysis and Application Potential (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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“Among the subclasses of quinones, anthraquinones form the largest group, with around 700 compounds studied.Of these nearly half are from plants alone [26], While the remainder originate from fungi, bacteria, lichens, and insects [30].”
From Natural Quinone Dyes: A Review on Structure, Extraction Techniques, Analysis and Application Potential (2021) · cites this paper as [30]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Izhaki, I.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida (US)
- Corresponding author
- Izhaki, Ido
- ORCID
- Izhaki, Ido
- Venue
- New Phytologist
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2002-07-03
- Volume
- 155
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-217
- ISSN
- 0028-646X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8137
- OpenAlex
- W2126121941
- Semantic Scholar
- fc404c967b67af22f7893b9ae7847d0139f9d8d6
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 133
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 7.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New Phytologist (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Haifa
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect-Plant Interactions and Control
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry and biological activity of medicinal plants
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Plant and animal studies
- Keywords
- emodin, anthraquinones, plant secondary metabolites, plant defense, herbivore deterrence, pathogen resistance, competition (biology), abiotic stress, pre-dispersal seed predation, seed dispersal, seed viability, plant fitness, natural selection
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