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A Quantitative Analysis of Isoferritins in Select Regions of Aged, Parkinsonian, and Alzheimer's Diseased Brains
Abstract
Abstract: The brain requires a ready supply of iron for normal neurological function, but free iron is toxic. Consequently, iron bioavailability must be stringently regulated. Recent evidence has suggested that the brain iron regulatory system is dysfunctional in neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases (AD and PD, respectively). A key component of the iron regulatory system in the brain is ferritin. Ferritin consists of 24 subunits, which are distinguished as either a heavy‐chain (H) or light‐chain (L) isoform. These peptide subunits are genetically and functionally distinct. Thus, the ability to investigate separately the types of ferritin in brain should provide insight into iron management at both the cellular and the molecular level. In this study, the ratio of isoferritins was determined in select regions of adult elderly AD and PD human brains. The H‐rich ferritin was more abundant in the young brain, except in the globus pallidus where the ratio of H/L ferritin was 1:1. The balance of H/L isoferritins was influenced by age, brain region, and disease state. With normal aging, both H and L ferritin increased; however, the age‐associated increase in isoferritins generally failed to occur in AD and PD brain tissue. The imbalance in H/L isoferritins was disease and region specific. For example, in frontal cortex, there was a dramatic (fivefold) increase in the ratio of H/L ferritin in AD brains but not in PD brains. In PD, caudate and putamen H/L ratios were higher than in AD and the elderly control group. The analysis of isoferritin expression in brain provides insight into regional iron regulation under normal conditions and suggests a loss of ability to maintain iron homeostasis in the two disease states. This latter observation provides further evidence of dysfunction of iron homeostatic mechanisms in AD and PD and may contribute significantly to understanding the underlying pathogenesis of each, particularly in relation to iron‐induced oxidative damage.
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“Increases of iron and a decrease of ferritin in the substantia nigra101,116–119 are indicative of high iron loading of ferritin.120”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [119]
In the citing paper
“Moreover, low iron concentrations can reduce the neuronal deposits of ferritin, generating a condition in the substantia nigra neurons of patients with Parkinson’s disease.117,119”
From The role of iron in brain ageing and neurodegenerative disorders (2014) · cites this paper as [119]
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Increased iron and oxidative stress are separately related to cognitive decline in elderly
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Self-citationIron-induced neuronal damage in a rat model of post-traumatic stress disorder
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Self-citationIron Oxides in the Human Brain
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Morgan, C. E., Zhang, Z., Miyagi, M., Golczak, M., & Yu, E. W. (2022) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111876 · Cited by 14
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“With normal aging, both H and L ferritin increased in the substantia nigra but the age-associated increase in isoferritins generally failed to occur in Alzheimer’s disease and PD brain tissue (Connor et al., 1995).”
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Self-citationIron regulatory proteins increase neuronal vulnerability to hydrogen peroxide
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“…a role in many neurologic disorders, including multiple sclerosis (Craelius et al., 1982; LeVine, 1997), Parkinson’s disease (Dexter et al., 1990; Connor et al., 1995), adult-onset basal ganglia disease (Curtis et al., 2001), Alzheimer’s Disease (Connor et al., 1995), Restless Legs Syndrome…”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationFriedman, A., Gałązka-Friedman, J., Bauminger, E. R., & Koziorowski, D. (2006) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2006.05.056 · Cited by 13
“[19], and a decrease in the concentration of L ferritin was demonstrated in cortex and SN in patients with Alzheimer's disease and PD [19].”
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“An increase of the amount of these subtypes within the cells could be demonstrated during aging, especially for the L-type in the globus pallidus [40, 41].”
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Gałązka-Friedman, J. (2008) · Hyperfine Interactions · doi:10.1007/s10751-008-9723-8 · Cited by 11
Identification of Fasting‐induced Genes in the Rat Hypothalamus
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“…evidence of iron accumulation in the brain of patients with neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson and Alzheimer disease (Beard et al., 1993; Connor et al., 1992, 1995; Gelman, 1995; Loeffler et al., 1995; Thompson et al., 2001), or demyelinating disease such as multiple sclerosis (Beard et…”
BackgroundA cryo-electron microscopic approach to elucidate protein structures from human brain microsomes
Tringides, M. L., Zhang, Z., Morgan, C. E., Su, C., & Yu, E. W. (2022) · Life Science Alliance · doi:10.26508/lsa.202201724 · Cited by 10
“It is worth noting that FT expression and the amount of Fe 3+ storage have been reported to be strongly altered in patients with Alzheimer ’ s and Parkinson ’ s diseases and AIDS (Connor et al, 1995; Drakesmith et al, 2005), suggesting that the expression level of this enzyme in the body could serve as a strong biomar…”
Ferritin H- and L-Chains in Fiber Cell Canine and Human Lenses of Different Ages
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“The relationship of factors like iron, ferritins and NM[10-14] to aging has been analyzed in previous studies.”
ResultDistribution of ferritin in the rat hippocampus after kainate-induced neuronal injury
Huang, E., & Ong, W. (2004) · Experimental Brain Research · doi:10.1007/s00221-004-2110-z · Cited by 10
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“... accumulation in stressed rats, we investigated the expression of proteins responsible for iron uptake and storage using western blot analysis in hippocampus where the biggest increase in iron content was seen (Fig. 2). We found significantly decreased ferritin and increased TfR expression in hippocampus of stresse…”
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BackgroundImmunolocalization of duodenal cytochrome B: a relationship with circulating markers of iron status
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Could Aß and AßPP be Antioxidants?
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“Ferritin is the universal iron storage protein and is another cytoprotective amyloid plaque-associated antioxidant that stores and oxidizes iron (14,15).”
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“Hence, the ratio of the isoforms changes via brain area and illness condition (Connor et al., 1995).”
BackgroundBlood-based biomarkers of ferroptosis in Parkinson's disease
Huin, V., Cailliau, É., Poupelin, C., Garçon, G., Dutheil, M., Simonin, O., Beauval, N., Labreuche, J., Blum, D. L., Moreau, C., et al. (2026) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2026.107414 · Cited by 2
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“In addition, dopaminergic neurons maintain relatively low ferritin levels compared with neighboring cells types, which limits their ability to store iron safely (Connor et al., 1995).”
Self-citationEarly detection of Parkinson's disease
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Self-citationDietary Iron is Associated with Memory in Midlife: Longitudinal Cohort Study
Rickard, A. P., Chatfield, M. D., Powell, J. J., Stephen, A. M., & Richards, M. (2012) · Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences · doi:10.6000/1927-5951.2012.02.01.8 · Cited by 1
“Iron status will not mirror iron use within certain compartments of the body, as seen in some patients with dementia in which an excess of iron deposition in the brain is frequently masked by presentation of iron deficiency when examining blood markers [18].”
BackgroundRuberg, M. (2000) · Annales de l Institut Pasteur / Actualités · doi:10.1016/s0924-4204(00)80009-8 · Cited by 1
Sun, W., & Wei, C. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease Reports · doi:10.3233/adr-230136 · Cited by 1
“Moreover, the ratio of heavy chain ferritin to light chain ferritin in the caudate nucleus and putamen of PD patients was found to be higher compared to the elderly control group [41].”
ResultMicroglia and border-associated macrophages in the central nervous system
Zanluqui, N. G., Polonio, C. M., de Oliveira, M. G., de Oliveira, L. G., Faria, L. C., & Peron, J. P. S. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821385-8.00013-5 · Cited by 1
Gene and Protein Expression Profiling in Parkinson's Disease: Quest for Neuroprotective Drugs
Weinreb, O., Amit, T., Grünblatt, E., Riederer, P. F., Youdim, M. B. H., & Mandel, S. A. (2007) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30377-2_5 · Cited by 1
Dukes, A. A. (2007) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Changes in Brain Gene Expression in Nutrient Deficiencies: An Example with Iron
Unger, E. L., Hegde, N. V., & Connor, J. R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-92271-3_77
Self-citationGarrido, M. (2009) · eDiss (Georg-August-Universität Göttingen) · doi:10.53846/goediss-1356
Imaging cerebral small vessel disease at 7 Tesla MRI
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Genetic Determinants of Cognitive Function and Age-Related Brain Changes
Schuur, M. (2010) · RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam)
Pipingas, A., & Camfield, D. (2013) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b13736-4
Maladie de Parkinson Vers un mécanisme de mort neuronale
Ruberg, M. (1997) · Journal of Engineering and Technology Management · doi:10.1016/s0923-4748(97)80009-4
TRABAJO FIN DE PERIODO FORMATIVO DE DOCTORADO
Ginés, L., & Pérez, G. (2013)
Changed iron metabolism and iron toxicity in scrapie-infected neuroblastoma cells.
Fernaeus, S. Z. (2005) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology)
Animal Models of Metallic Dementia
Rodella, L. F. (2010) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-898-0_34
Intracellular Regulator of Metal Availability
Joshi, J. G. (1997)
Metadata
- Authors
- Connor, J. R., Snyder, B. S., Arosio, P., Loeffler, D. A., & LeWitt, P.
- Affiliations
- Pennsylvania State University (US)
- University of Brescia (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Connor, James R.
- Venue
- Journal of Neurochemistry
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1995-08
- Volume
- 65
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 717-724
- ISSN
- 0022-3042 (ISSN-L)
- 1471-4159
- OpenAlex
- W2078549368
- Cited by
- 317
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 3.95
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurochemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ag009063-03)
- National Institute on Aging (AG09063)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Hematology › Iron Metabolism and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological diseases and metabolism
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- isoferritins, FTH1, ferritin light chain, brain iron homeostasis, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, brain aging, globus pallidus, caudate and putamen, frontal cortex, oxidative damage
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Brain, Ferritins, Humans, Isomerism, Middle Aged, Parkinson Disease, Tissue Distribution
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