Cited by 251Avian ecology and behaviorEcology and Vegetation Dynamics StudiesWildlife Ecology and Conservation

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Local Extinctions of Terrestrial Insectivorous Birds in a Fragmented Landscape near Manaus, Brazil

Stratford, Jeffrey A., Stouffer, Philip C.·1999·Conservation Biology

DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98494.x

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Abstract

Abstract: We examined the distributions of nine species of terrestrial insectivorous birds in 4‐ to 14‐year‐old rainforest fragments north of Manaus, Brazil. We surveyed 11 fragments of 1, 10, and 100 ha, 95 ha of secondary vegetation, and nine continuous forest plots (controls) of 1–100 ha. We augmented standard spot‐mapping with extensive playback surveys. The fragments had been sampled with mist nets before isolation, so our results could be compared with the pre‐isolation distribution. For the nine species, there were 55 cases of local extinction in the 11 fragments between about 1 year after isolation and the time of our surveys. This corresponds to 74% extinction of the local populations in fragments. These extinctions occurred despite the second‐growth connection of some fragments to continuous forest as little as 70 m away. Three apparent colonization events by species not detected before isolation also occurred, but these may also reflect inadequate sampling before isolation. Our comparison of fragments and similar‐sized control plots in continuous forest showed an area effect on species richness in both fragments and control plots, but fragments had fewer species than control plots of equal size. In a fragmented Amazonian landscape, the full suite of terrestrial insectivores would persist in the short term only in large fragments ( > 100 ha), although much larger areas are probably necessary for the long‐term persistence of their populations.

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Background
Sensitivity to fragmentation and spatial distribution of birds in forest fragments of northern paraná
Marques, F. C., & dos Anjos, L. (2014) · Biota Neopropica/Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/1676-0603001513 · Cited by 10
“…(Willis 1979, Kattan 1994, Aleixo & Vielliard 1995, Stouffer & Bierregaard 1995, Bierregaard & Stouffer 1997, Goerck 1997, Aleixo 1999, Stratford & Stouffer 1999, 4 http://www.scielo.br/bn http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1676-0603001513 Biota Neotrop., 14(3): e20130015, 2014 Ribon et al.…”
Influential
Disturbed Amazonian forests support diminished breeding bird communities
Rutt, C. L., Kaller, M. D., & Stouffer, P. C. (2021) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duab003 · Cited by 10
“We further corroborated that insectivorous birds that forage on or near the ground are highly vulnerable to anthropogenic disturbance (Stratford and Stouffer 1999, Canaday and Rivadeneyra 2001, Newmark 2006).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effect of prey availability on the abundance of White-breasted Wood-Wrens, insectivorous birds of tropical lowland forests
Sánchez, N. V., Vargas-Castro, L. E., Ávalos, G., & Rodríguez, F. P. (2014) · Journal of Field Ornithology · doi:10.1111/jofo.12074 · Cited by 10
Aves de um remanescente florestal do Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais
Ferreira, J. D., Costa, L. M., & Rodrigues, M. (2009) · Biota Neopropica/Biota Neotropica · doi:10.1590/s1676-06032009000300003 · Cited by 9
“O parâmetro área possui reconhecida importância na persistência das espécies de aves em ambientes fragmentados (Karr 1982, Stratford & Stouffer 1999, Uezu et al. 2005), cada vez mais freqüentes com o avanço da modificação da terra para uso humano.”
Background
The influence of food abundance, food dispersion and habitat structure on territory selection and size of an Afrotropical terrestrial insectivore
Newmark, W. D., & Stanley, T. R. (2016) · Ostrich · doi:10.2989/00306525.2016.1216903 · Cited by 12
Impacts of rainforest fragmentation on the composition of ground-active vertebrate communities and their patterns of seed consumption
Palmer, G., & Catterall, C. P. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0202870 · Cited by 9
Avian Ecology and Conservation in Tropical Agricultural Landscapes with Emphasis on Vermivora Chrysoptera
Chandler, R. B. (2022) · Scholarworks (University of Massachusetts Amherst) · doi:10.7275/1922079 · Cited by 9
Habitat and landscape factors associated with the nestedness of waterbird assemblages and wetland habitats in South Brazil
Schuh, M. H., & Guadagnin, D. L. (2018) · Austral Ecology · doi:10.1111/aec.12648 · Cited by 8
Interactive effects of elevation and newly paved road on avian community composition in a scientific reserve, Bioko Island, Equatorial Guinea
Miller, S. C., Wiethase, J. H., Etingüe, A. M., Franklin, E., Fero, M., Wolfe, J. D., Gonder, M. K., & Powell, L. L. (2021) · Biotropica · doi:10.1111/btp.13014 · Cited by 8
“…guild when considering that ant- following birds have large home ranges (to include multiple nomadic ant colonies) and are reluctant to cross open areas between fragmented habitats, leaving these species particularly sensitive to road disturbance (Lees & Peres, 2008; Stratford & Stouffer, 1999).”
Background
The Influence of Human Disturbance on Avian Frugivory and Seed Dispersal in a Neotropical Rainforest
Lefevre, K. L. (2008) · TSpace (University of Toronto) · Cited by 8
Effects of forest fragmentation on avian breeding activity
Coddington, C. P. J., Cooper, W. J., & Luther, D. (2023) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.14063 · Cited by 10
“…and mixed-species flock obligates are more likely to decline after fragment isolation (Gray et al., 2007; Lees & Peres, 2008; Rutt et al., 2020; Stouffer & Bierregaard, 1995; Stratford & Stouffer, 1999; Zou et al., 2018), yet there has only been speculation as to the reasons for their declines.”
Background
Birds of Humaitá Forest Reserve, Acre, Brazil: an important forest fragment in south-west Amazonia
Pedroza, D., de Melo, T. N., Machado, T. L. D. S., Guimarães, D. P., Lima, J. M., & Guilherme, E. (2020) · Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club · doi:10.25226/bboc.v140i1.2020.a7 · Cited by 7
“…of forest not only impacts avian communities, in particular by eliminating certain ecological guilds (Stouffer & Bierregaard 1995, Bierregaard & Stouffer 1997, Stratford & Stouffer 1999), but may also affect the physiological integrity of individual birds (Hernández-Palma & Stouffer 2018).”
Background
The impacts of agricultural windbreaks on avian communities and ecosystem services provisioning in the Bellbird Biological Corridor, Costa Rica
Brownson, K., Cox, C., & Padgett-Vasquez, S. (2020) · Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems · doi:10.1080/21683565.2020.1838029 · Cited by 7
Assessing bird diversity in Neotropical rainforests: A comparative study of camera traps and mist nets reveals complementary sampling approaches
Vargas‐Daza, Á. M., Betancurt‐Grisales, J. F., Cardona‐Salazar, L. J., Benavides-Ossa, Y. A., Fontúrbel, F. E., & Castaño‐Villa, G. J. (2023) · Ornithological Applications · doi:10.1093/ornithapp/duad019 · Cited by 7
“Considering that these forests contain the largest bird diversity on the planet—particularly of understory birds (Thiollay 1997, Stratford and Stouffer 1999, Laurance et al. 2002), it is important to develop efficient sampling techniques that allow the establishment of standardized protocols for…”
Background
APORTES DE UNA PLANTACIÓN FORESTAL MIXTA A LA CONSERVACIÓN DE LA AVIFAUNA EN EL CAÑÓN DEL RÍO CAUCA, COLOMBIA
Jaime, G., Villa, C., Alejandro, J., Betancourt, M. E. D., Bedoya, M. L., & Canyon, R. C. (2008) · Revista Facultad Nacional de Agronomía Medellín · Cited by 7
A importância das plantações de eucalipto na conservação da biodiversidade
Gabriel, V. D. A., Vasconcelos, A. A., de Lima, E. F., Cassola, H., Barretto, K. D., & de Brito, M. C. (2013) · Pesquisa Florestal Brasileira · doi:10.4336/2013.pfb.33.74.435 · Cited by 7
“Algumas aves de dieta especializada, como frugívoros e alguns insetívoros, são muito sensíveis às modificações ambientais (Strafford & Stouffer, 1999; Pizo, 2001; Barlow et al., 2007b) e sua inserção no ambiente está diretamente relacionada com a oferta de recursos do sistema para cada espécie…”
Background
Effect of a major highway on the spatial and temporal variation in the structure and diversity of the avifauna of a tropical premontane rain forest
Ávalos, G., & Bermúdez, E. (2016) · Revista de Biología Tropical · doi:10.15517/rbt.v64i4.21517 · Cited by 7
“Sensitive groups, such as terrestrial insectivores, are usually the most heavily impacted, being behaviorally limited to move between gaps and forest fragments separated by short distances (Stratford & Stouffer, 1999).”
Background
Variation in abundance and habitat relationship of three understory insectivorous birds in a disturbed landscape of Neotropical dry forest of Colombia
Loaiza, C., Montenegro, O. L., King, D. I., Spínola, M., Palacio, L. A., & Rudas, A. (2020) · Avian Research · doi:10.1186/s40657-020-00219-4 · Cited by 7
“…in general, they are susceptible to fragmentation, mainly owing to their diet specialization, foraging near the ground, and sensitivity to edge effects and other human disturbances (Rosenberg 1990; Stouffer and Bierregaard 1995; Canaday 1997; Marra and Remsen 1997; Stratford and Stouffer 1999).”
Background
Recovery of understory bird movement in post-pasture Amazonia
Powell, L. L. (2013) · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.3654 · Cited by 7
Fragmentation sensitivity and its consequences on demography and host-ectoparasite dynamics in amazonian birds
Johnson, E. I. (2011) · Louisiana State University · doi:10.31390/gradschool_dissertations.2618 · Cited by 7
Habitat use by mixed-species bird flocks in tropical forests of the Western Ghats, India
Hariharan, P., Bangal, P., Sridhar, H., & Shanker, K. (2022) · Journal of Tropical Ecology · doi:10.1017/s026646742200030x · Cited by 6
“Some species become locally extinct in small fragments (Stratford & Stouffer 1999), and if these are nuclear species, flock composition may be indirectly affected by changes in other species ’ propensity to flock (Cordeiro et al. 2015, Mammides et al. 2015).”
The importance of old secondary forests for understory birds in the tropical Andes
Vargas‐Daza, Á. M., Betancurt‐Grisales, J. F., Castaño‐Villa, G. J., & Fontúrbel, F. E. (2023) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02658 · Cited by 6
Can Focal Species Planning for Landscape Connectivity Meet the Needs of South American Temperate Rainforest Endemics?
Castellón, T. D., & Sieving, K. E. (2012) · Natural Areas Journal · doi:10.3375/043.032.0310 · Cited by 6
“These species are phylogenetically related to understory insectivores of tropical Latin America (families Rhinocryptidae and Furnariidae) that are also fragmentation sensitive (Stouffer and Bierregaard 1995; Sieving and Karr 1997; Stratford and Stouffer 1999).”
Background
Influência da estrutura da paisagem sobre a persistência de três espécies de aves em paisagens fragmentadas da Mata Atlântica
Bôscolo, D. (2007) · doi:10.11606/t.41.2007.tde-13022008-180423 · Cited by 6
“…efeito de borda e a redução da qualidade do habitat e da quantidade de recursos disponíveis fazem com que as populações existentes em fragmentos pequenos sejam cada vez menores e mais susceptíveis à extinção local (Murcia 1995, Major et al. 1999, Stratford & Stouffer 1999, Fleishman et al. 2002).”
Background
Variable shifts in bird and bat assemblages as a result of reduced‐impact logging revealed after 10 years
Harris, A. E., Maharaj, G., Hallett, M. T., Thomas, R., Roopsind, A., O'Shea, B. J., & Bicknell, J. E. (2023) · Journal of Applied Ecology · doi:10.1111/1365-2664.14537 · Cited by 5
“Terrestrial insectivores are deemed most sensitive to habitat change (Powell et al., 2015 ; Stratford & Stouffer, 1999), but it has also been proposed that a small number of terrestrial in-sectivores may persist from low-impact disturbances (Boyle & Sigel, 2015 ; Stratford & Stouffer, 2015 ).”
Background
Connectivity structure in fragmented forest areas in the Brazilian Amazon
Favretto, M. A., & Hirota, M. M. (2026) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2026.111747 · Cited by 4
Habitat Fragmentation and Paternity in Least Flycatchers
Kasumovic, M. M., Ratcliffe, L. M., & Boag, P. T. (2009) · The Wilson Journal of Ornithology · doi:10.1676/08-058.1 · Cited by 4
“Changes in species assemblages can occur quickly (Stratford and Stouffer 1999), and may be due to decreased patch size and an increase in edge habitat (Walters 1998).”
Background
Comparing morphological traits of legs of understory birds inhabiting forest areas with closed canopies and forest gaps
Siri, S., Ponpituk, Y., Safoowong, M., Nuipakdee, W., Marod, D., & Duengkae, P. (2020) · Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity · doi:10.13057/biodiv/d210326 · Cited by 4
“Broadly, birds expected to occur under closed canopy had a high habitat specificity, low mobility, and preferred dense forests to open areas (Thiollay 1992; Stratford and Stouffer 1999; Siri et al. 2019).”
Background
Forest-bird Species Assemblages in the Lowland Rainforest of Madagascar: The Effects of Forest Fragmentation Revisited
Rakotoarisoa, J.-E. (2013) · The Open Conservation Biology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874839201307010027 · Cited by 3
Effects of fragmentation on Thamnophilus stictocephalus (Aves, Thamnophilidae) in semideciduous forest of Alter-do-Chão, Pará.
Dantas, S., Sanaiotti, T., & Albernaz, A. (2005) · Brazilian journal of biology = Revista brasleira de biologia · doi:10.1590/s1519-69842005000300007 · Cited by 3
“Fragment size, which was correlated with the density of Thamnophilus, is an important factor in influencing the density and richness of birds (Blake & Karr, 1987; Kilgo et al., 1997; Stratford & Stouffer, 1999; Bellamy et al., 2000).”
Background
HOW TO KEEP TROPICAL MONTANE FRUGIVOROUS BIRDS IN CAPTIVITY
Boyle, W. A. (2009) · Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) · Cited by 3
Bird surveys in the Gamba complex of protected areas, Gabon
Angehr, G. R., Schmidt, B. K., Njie, F., Christy, P., Gebhard, C. A., Tchignoumba, L., & Ombenotori, M. A. E. (2006) · Smithsonian Digital Repository (Smithsonian Institution) · Cited by 3
Low adaptive and neutral genetic diversity in the endangered Antioquia wren (Thryophilus sernai)
Zapata, D., Rivera-Gutiérrez, H., Parra, J., & González-Quevedo, C. (2020) · Conservation Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10592-020-01313-2 · Cited by 2
Tropical forest birds after 20 years of the establishment of a reservoir: Extinction, colonization, and recolonization events
Bohada‐Murillo, M., Fontúrbel, F. E., & Castaño‐Villa, G. J. (2023) · Global Ecology and Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2023.e02754 · Cited by 2
Mesh size and bird capture rates in shasha forest reserve, ile-ife, Nigeria
Akinpelu, A. I. (2013) · Cameroon Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.4314/cajeb.v9i1.4 · Cited by 2
“Rica birds [7]; for Californian birds [8] and for Brazilian birds [9].”
Background
Conservation of bird diversity in Madagascar’s southeastern littoral forests
Watson, J. E. M. (2007) · Cited by 2
Avian Distribution and Life-History Strategies in Amazonian Terra-Firme and Floodplain Forests
van Lieshout, S. H. J., Kirkby, C., & Siepel, H. (2016) · Tropical Conservation Science · doi:10.1177/194008291600900125 · Cited by 2
Uso de hábitats alterados por aves insectívoras de sotobosque en un gradiente ambiental y su potencial para la conservación al suroeste de la Península de Nicoya, Costa Rica
Pérez, P. E. O. (2020) · UNED Research Journal · doi:10.22458/urj.v12i1.2803 · Cited by 2
Mercury Exposure and Habitat Fragmentation Affect the Movement, Foraging Behavior, and Search Efficiency of the Marsh Periwinkle (Littorina irrorata)
Krull, M. (2022) · Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry · doi:10.1002/etc.5545 · Cited by 3
“Changes in the number and isolation of patches in a landscape (i.e., structural connectivity) can affect species richness (Stratford & Stouffer, 1999), ecosystem services (Billings & Gaydess, 2008), and the ability of organisms to move and disperse in a landscape (i.e., functional connectivity;…”
Background
Occupancy of the Sooty Ant-Tanager (Habia gutturalis) and White-Mantled Barbet (Capito hypoleucus) in fragmented forests of the Central Andes in Colombia
Betancur, J. S., Morales-Rozo, A., & Parra, J. L. (2021) · Ornitología colombiana · doi:10.59517/oc.e383 · Cited by 2
“For instance, understory insectivorous birds are largely negatively affected (Stratford & Stouffer 1999, Powell et al. 2015), and few studies have shown mixed or even positive responses for other birds (Boyle & Sigel 2015).”
Background

Authors: Stratford, J. A., & Stouffer, P. C.
Affiliations: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia (BR)
Corresponding author: Stratford, Jeffrey A.
ORCID: Stratford, Jeffrey A.
Stouffer, Philip C.
Venue: Conservation Biology
Publisher: Wiley
Published: 1999-12
Volume: 13
Issue: 6
Pages: 1416-1423
ISSN: 0888-8892 (ISSN-L)
1523-1739
DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1739.1999.98494.x
OpenAlex: W2096430647
Cited by: 251
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 12 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
FWCI: 5.02
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor (vor, 754 d)
Locations: Conservation Biology (publishedVersion)
Civil War Book Review (submittedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Ecology and Vegetation Dynamics Studies
Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
Keywords: local extinction, forest fragmentation, Amazon rainforest, secondary forest, fragment size, species richness, colonization, playback surveys, Manaus, forest isolation, population persistence

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Local Extinctions of Terrestrial Insectivorous Birds in a Fragmented Landscape near Manaus, Brazil

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