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Impact of widespread photovoltaics generation on distribution systems
Abstract
Prompted by the need for clean energy sources, increasing numbers of photovoltaic (PV) generators are being connected to electricity distribution systems around the world. There is thus a growing imperative to understand and quantify the technical impact that high penetrations of such generators may have on the operation and performance of electricity distribution systems. Detailed simulations of a very high penetration of PV within a typical UK urban distribution network (11 kV, 400 V and 230 V) are reported. The study performed unbalanced three-phase load-flow analysis on an entire feeder within a time-domain simulation framework using load and generation data at 1 minute intervals. The results indicate that even at very high penetrations of PV, network voltage rises are small and unlikely to cause problems. Effects on network power flows and losses are also quantified and discussed.
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“The PVHC can vary drastically from almost 0% up to several hundred, e.g., 30% PVHC was calculated for a typical United Kingdom urban medium voltage distribution network in [57] and 100% PVHC for an MV network in the United States (only 2.5 kW PV per PoC was considered) [63].”
From Stochastic Approach for Increasing the PV Hosting Capacity of a Low-Voltage Distribution Network (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
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“A study in 2007 [57] in which 30% PVHC was calculated, with voltage limitation, in an LV of a United Kingdom network.”
From Stochastic Approach for Increasing the PV Hosting Capacity of a Low-Voltage Distribution Network (2022) · cites this paper as [57]
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Research works printed but not linked: 3
- Markvart, T.: ‘Solar electricity’, (Wiley 1999)
- Levi, 2005, Presented at CIRED 18th International Conference on Electricity Distribution
- Thomson, 2000, 14, 71
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“Negative impacts including power flow reversals, voltage fluctuations, and system instability are also reported [3].”
Multi-Objective Optimisation for Energy Scheduling in Smart Grids using Peer-to-Peer Trading
Ezeokafor, C., Harsh, P., & Sun, H.-J. (2024) · Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference · doi:10.1109/aupec62273.2024.10807533 · Cited by 1
“Some of these objectives can be contradictory to each other, such as in the renewable integration scenario where excess renewable power generation can reduce the reliability of the grid [6] and also lead to the overvoltage condition in some scenarios [8].”
Review of ancillary services and optimal sizing of an energy storage system in a microgrid
Singh, N., & Jain, D. K. (2023) · Multidisciplinary Reviews · doi:10.31893/multirev.2023034 · Cited by 1
“Therefore, we can say that intermittent generation can lead to critical adverse effects such as reverse power flow, voltage variation, and power fluctuation (Tonkoski et al 2012; Tie et al 2015; Lau et al 2015; Thomson et al 2007).”
BackgroundCommunity-Based Solar Photovoltaic Distributed Generation and its Effect on Distribution
Hariadi, T. K., Nugroho, T., Jamal, A., & Prahara, P. J. (2023) · International Energy Journal · doi:10.64289/iej.23.0103.9811719 · Cited by 1
Rathor, S. K., Saxena, D., & Balivada, R. (2020) · International Conference Emerging Technologies Computer Engineering: Microservices Big Data Analytics · doi:10.1109/icetce48199.2020.9091734 · Cited by 1
Singh, B., & Pindoriya, N. M. (2018) · IEEE Uttar Pradesh Section International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (UPCON) · doi:10.1109/upcon.2018.8596976 · Cited by 2
“therefore, it directly affects their lifetime [9], [10].”
BackgroundImpact of Feeder Characteristics on Voltage Rise in Secondary Distribution Systems
Teshome, D., Bagheri, P., & Nassif, A. (2018) · IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2018.8586417 · Cited by 1
“Another study [10] in UK indicated that the voltage rise was not significant in case of lower PV penetration level.”
BackgroundLi, J.-Q., Chen, J., Zhang, W., & Zhang, Y. (2018) · IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm.2018.8586621 · Cited by 1
“However, high penetration of PV in distribution networks brings a series of problems [2].”
BackgroundFeasibility Study on Using Electrical Home Appliances for Distributed Reactive Power Support
Gautam, S., Dah-ChuanLu, D., Xiao, W., & Lu, Y. (2018) · International Symposium on Industrial Electronics · doi:10.1109/isie.2018.8433843 · Cited by 1
“The key concerns are voltage rise and grid voltage fluctuations resulting from power export to the grid and intermittent nature of the PV source [1-2].”
BackgroundAgüero-Rubio, J., López-Martínez, J., Rojas-Sola, J., & Callejón-Ferre, Á. (2016) · doi:10.3390/en9060416 · Cited by 1
Local energy markets to sustain distribution network storage
Tomlinson, C. (2015) · doi:10.1680/ener.14.00031 · Cited by 1
Impact of the plus energy buildings on the voltage profile of the distribution networks
Petit, M., LePivert, X., & Guiavarch, A. (2008) · doi:10.1049/ic:20080441 · Cited by 1
“Over the past ten years numerous papers have been published to study the influence of photovoltaic distributed generation in the MV and LV distribution networks [1-5].”
BackgroundHolistic Optimisation of Distributed Multi Energy Systems for Low Carbon Urban Areas
Morvaj, B. (2017) · doi:10.3929/ethz-b-000185235 · Cited by 1
Control of micro-inverters as an overvoltage prevention method under high PV penetration
Gagrica, O., Kling, W., & Uhl, T. (2013) · doi:10.7494/mech.2013.32.2.52 · Cited by 1
Grid Connected-Photovoltaic System (GC-PVS): Issues and Challenges
Singh, B. P., Goyal, S. K., & Siddiqui, S. A. (2019) · IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering · doi:10.1088/1757-899x/594/1/012032
“in [21] both have concluded that the voltage at the distribution level is mainly affected by the cloud transient as the action of tap changing transformers is not as quick as required to maintain the desired voltage level at distribution level.”
BackgroundElectric Vehicles as Energy Storage
Kumar, K. N., Sivaneasan, B., Tan, K., Ren, J.-S., & So, P. (2015) · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410491-4.00009-9
Diagnostic-Driven Security-Constrained Curtailment for a Real Transformer-Limited MV/LV Feeder
Jabari, M., Bragatto, T., Santori, F., Maccioni, M., Geri, A., & Cresta, M. (2026) · Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2026.102532
Impact of electric vehicle adoption on residential load profiles: An Australian case study
Kamoona, A., Khafaf, N. A., Ali, S. M. N., Jalili, M., Razzaghi, R., & Yu, X. (2026) · Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks · doi:10.1016/j.segan.2026.102481
Grid Strength Assessment in Weak Distribution Systems: Beyond Short Circuit Ratio
Nagarajan, M., Pota, H., Macana, C., & Prakash, K. (2026) · IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting · doi:10.1109/pesgm58988.2026.11693070
“Node N106 (SCR = 4.0, VSI = 0.911) illustrates this effect: short-circuit strength appeared adequate, yet the long, resistive feeder path constrained voltage stability [4], [25].”
InfluentialRaj, S., & Sunitha, R. (2025) · 2025 IEEE 4th International Conference on Smart Technologies for Power, Energy and Control (STPEC) · doi:10.1109/stpec66316.2025.11490681
Metadata
- Authors
- Thomson, M., & Infield, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- ORCID
- Thomson, M.
- Venue
- IET Renewable Power Generation
- Published
- 2007-03-12
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 33-40
- ISSN
- 1752-1416 (ISSN-L)
- 1752-1424
- OpenAlex
- W1987860361
- Cited by
- 350
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 25 · 2014: 42 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 10.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IET Renewable Power Generation (publishedVersion)
- Strathprints: The University of Strathclyde institutional repository (University of Strathclyde) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
- Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Optimal Power Flow Distribution
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Energy Engineering and Power Technology › Power Systems and Renewable Energy
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Power Quality and Harmonics
- Keywords
- photovoltaic penetration, distribution networks, urban distribution networks, time-domain simulation, power flow, transmission loss, distributed generation
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