The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Physiology and Pathophysiology of Potassium Homeostasis: Core Curriculum 2019
Abstract
Total-body potassium (K+) content and appropriate distribution of K+ across the cell membrane is vitally important for normal cellular function. Total-body K+ content is determined by changes in excretion of K+ by the kidneys in response to intake levels. Under normal conditions, insulin and β-adrenergic tone also make important contributions in maintaining internal distribution of K+. However, despite these homeostatic pathways, disorders of altered K+ homeostasis are common. Appreciating the pathophysiology and regulatory influences that determine the internal distribution and external balance of K+ is critical in designing effective treatments to restore K+ homeostasis. We provide an up-to-date review of the regulatory aspects of normal K+ physiology as a preface to highlighting common disorders in K+ homeostasis and their treatment. This review of K+ homeostasis is designed as a resource for clinicians and a tool for educators who are teaching trainees to understand the pivotal factors involved in K+ balance.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“We refer to this as a model of a man, instead of more generally as a human model, due to the known sex differences in renal K+ handling [24–26], ALD concentration [27], and plasma K+ concentration [28], all of which affect K+ homeostasis.”
From A mathematical model of potassium homeostasis: Effect of feedforward and feedback controls (2022) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Clase, C. M., Carrero, J.-J., Ellison, D. H., Grams, M. E., Hemmelgarn, B. R., Jardine, M. J., Kovesdy, C. P., Kline, G. A., Lindner, G., Obrador, G. T., et al. (2020) · Kidney International · doi:10.1016/j.kint.2019.09.018 · Cited by 498
Self-citationEnergy metabolism in health and diseases
Liu, H., Wang, S., Wang, J., Guo, X., Song, Y., Fu, K., Gao, Z., Liu, D., He, W., & Yang, L. (2025) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-025-02141-x · Cited by 484
Clinical Management of Hyperkalemia
Palmer, B. F., Carrero, J. J., Clegg, D. J., Colbert, G. B., Emmett, M., Fishbane, S. N., Hain, D. J., Lerma, E. V., Onuigbo, M. A. C., Rastogi, A., et al. (2020) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.06.014 · Cited by 204
“POTASSIUM HOMEOSTASIS AND HYPERKALEMIA Potassiumhomeostasis is largelymaintainedby the kidneys, although the gastrointestinal tract and other systems are also involved to a lesser extent (Figure1).(7,10)Hyperkalemiahasdepolarizing effects on the heart,(10) causing shortened action potentials and increasing the risk of…”
BackgroundSelf-citationComparing machine learning algorithms for predicting ICU admission and mortality in COVID-19
Subudhi, S., Verma, A., Patel, A. B., Hardin, C., Khandekar, M. J., Lee, H., McEvoy, D. S., Stylianopoulos, T., Munn, L. L., Dutta, S., et al. (2021) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-021-00456-x · Cited by 171
Overview of the vital roles of macro minerals in the human body
Ali, A. A. H. (2023) · Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals · doi:10.1016/j.jtemin.2023.100076 · Cited by 151
Trevisan, M., Fu, E. L., Xu, Y., Savarese, G., Dekker, F. W., Lund, L. H., Clase, C. M., Sjölander, A., & Carrero, J. J. (2021) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.2287 · Cited by 93
Starvation Ketosis and the Kidney
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2021) · American Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1159/000517305 · Cited by 91
Self-citationImpact of Dietary Potassium Restrictions in CKD on Clinical Outcomes: Benefits of a Plant-Based Diet
Clegg, D. J., Headley, S., & Germain, M. J. (2020) · Kidney Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.xkme.2020.04.007 · Cited by 79
“Although steady-state serum potassium concentrations are maintained by renal potassium excretion,(2) high-potassium foods that also contain high carbohydrate levels initially promote insulin secretion, which facilitates potassium uptake into cells and minimizes the increase in serum potassium levels.(21,22) In contras…”
BackgroundSelf-citationAcute Kidney Injury Caused by Obstructive Nephropathy
Chavez-Iñiguez, J. S., Navarro-Gallardo, G. J., Medina-González, R., Alcantar-Vallin, L., & García-García, G. (2020) · International Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1155/2020/8846622 · Cited by 79
“73m(2) and fluid overload [81] and serum potassium >5.”
BackgroundMcLean, R. M., & Wang, N. X. (2021) · Advances in food and nutrition research · doi:10.1016/bs.afnr.2021.02.013 · Cited by 88
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra2010852 · Cited by 79
Self-citationThe Role of Complexes of Biogenic Metals in Living Organisms
Kostova, I. P. (2023) · Inorganics · doi:10.3390/inorganics11020056 · Cited by 67
“On the other hand, low levels of serum K + (hypokalemia) lead to metabolic alkalosis, diarrhea, and episodic paralysis [34].”
Distal renal tubular acidosis: ERKNet/ESPN clinical practice points
Trepiccione, F., Walsh, S., Ariceta, G., et al. (2021) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfab171 · Cited by 60
“• Systemic acidosis per se leads to renal Kþ wasting, as acidosis decreases sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule with consequent volume contraction and activation of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system [17].”
BackgroundHyperkalemia in Chronic Kidney Disease in the New Era of Kidney Protection Therapies
Valdivielso, J. M., Balafa, O. C., Ekart, R., Ferro, C. J., Mallamaci, F., Mark, P. B., Rossignol, P., Sarafidis, P. A., Vecchio, L. D., & Ortíz, A. (2021) · Drugs · doi:10.1007/s40265-021-01555-5 · Cited by 57
Dietary potassium and the kidney: lifesaving physiology
Wei, K., Gritter, M., Vogt, L., de Borst, M. H., Rotmans, J. I., & Hoorn, E. J. (2020) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfaa157 · Cited by 57
“The three key factors that regulate Kþ secretion in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron (ASDN) are [1] aldosterone, [2] Naþ delivery and [3] tubular fluid flow rate [32] (Figure 1).”
BackgroundPotassium homeostasis – Physiology and pharmacology in a clinical context
Kettritz, R., & Loffing, J. (2023) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108489 · Cited by 54
“…Hoorn, Gritter, Cuevas, & Fenton, 2020; D. H. Lin, Duan, Zheng, & Wang, 2022; McDonough & Fenton, 2022; McDonough & Youn, 2017; Mutig & Bachmann, 2019; Nomura, Shoda, & Uchida, 2019; Palmer & Clegg, 2019; Su, Ellison, & Wang, 2019; Tabibzadeh & Crambert, 2023; Wei et al., 2020; Welling, 2016)).”
BackgroundKamel, K. S., & Halperin, M. L. (2021) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2021.02.003 · Cited by 49
“The primary pathophysiology is an increased number of open epithelial Na channels in the luminal membrane of principal cells in the ASDN leading to a higher rate of electrogenic Naþ reabsorption.(25,38) This could be due to two groups of disorders.”
BackgroundRakugi, H., Yamakawa, S., & Sugimoto, K. (2020) · Hypertension Research · doi:10.1038/s41440-020-00569-y · Cited by 45
Extrarenal Effects of Aldosterone on Potassium Homeostasis
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2022) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0006762021 · Cited by 40
“Aldosterone Aldosterone is the major mineralocorticoid in humans and plays an important role in regulating kidney K + secretion in the distal nephron (17-19).”
BackgroundSelf-citationContribution of Gut Microbiota-Derived Uremic Toxins to the Cardiovascular System Mineralization
Filipska, I., Winiarska, A., Knysak, M., & Stompór, T. P. (2021) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins13040274 · Cited by 42
“This is one of the reasons why the patients with extremely high cardiovascular risk cannot eat healthy diets (such as Mediterranean or Dietary Approach to Stop Hypertension [DASH] diets) [54,55].”
BackgroundSGLT2 Inhibition and Kidney Potassium Homeostasis
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2023) · Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology · doi:10.2215/cjn.0000000000000300 · Cited by 41
“36 The calcium-sensing receptor is located on the apical surface of the distal convoluted tubule.”
Self-citationHyperkalemia treatment standard
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2024) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfae056 · Cited by 43
Self-citationManiero, C., Lopuszko, A., Papalois, K.-B., Gupta, A. K., Kapil, V., & Khanji, M. Y. (2022) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1093/eurjpc/zwac163 · Cited by 47
Potassium Homeostasis, Chronic Kidney Disease, and the Plant-Enriched Diets
Palmer, B. F., Colbert, G. B., & Clegg, D. J. (2020) · Kidney360 · doi:10.34067/kid.0000222019 · Cited by 37
Self-citationModifying Dietary Sodium and Potassium Intake: An End to the 'Salt Wars'?
Little, R., & Ellison, D. H. (2023) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.123.19487 · Cited by 33
Pérez-Aizpurua, X., Benavente, R. C., Serrano, G. B., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5527/wjn.v13.i2.93322 · Cited by 33
Budnicka, M., Sobiech, M., Kolmas, J., & Luliński, P. (2022) · TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.trac.2022.116711 · Cited by 30
Potassium and Hypertension: A State-of-the-Art Review
Sriperumbuduri, S., Welling, P. A., Ruzicka, M., Hundemer, G. L., & Hiremath, S. S. (2023) · American Journal of Hypertension · doi:10.1093/ajh/hpad094 · Cited by 32
Sun, H., & Weaver, C. M. (2020) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.0c05139 · Cited by 29
Overview of Monogenic Forms of Hypertension Combined With Hypokalemia
Lu, Y., Fan, P. T., Zhang, D., Zhang, Y., Meng, X., Zhang, Q.-Y., Zhao, L. Y., Yang, K., & Zhou, X. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2020.543309 · Cited by 29
Ceccanti, C., Guidi, L., D’Alessandro, C., & Cupisti, A. (2022) · Toxins · doi:10.3390/toxins14100668 · Cited by 28
Role of Micronutrients and Gut Microbiota-Derived Metabolites in COVID-19 Recovery
Hernández-Flores, T. D. J., Pedraza‐Brindis, E. J., Cárdenas-Bedoya, J., Ruíz-Carrillo, J. D., Méndez-Clemente, A. S., Martinez-Guzman, M. A., & Íñiguez-Gutiérrez, L. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms232012324 · Cited by 25
Case 30-2020: A 54-Year-Old Man with Sudden Cardiac Arrest
Edelman, E. R., Butala, N. M., Avery, L. L., et al. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmcpc2002420 · Cited by 25
Tang, P., Geddes, R. F., Chang, Y., Jepson, R. E., Bijsmans, E. S., & Elliott, J. (2020) · Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/jvim.15996 · Cited by 26
“Renal potassium handling is predominantly regulated by aldosterone with a negative feedback circuit.(43)”
BackgroundBlood pressure lowering and potassium intake
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Human Hypertension · doi:10.1038/s41371-020-00396-1 · Cited by 27
Self-citationPrevalence of hypokalemia in older persons: results from the PolSenior national survey
Adamczak, M., Chudek, J. T., Zejda, J. E., Bartmańska, M., Grodzicki, T. K., Zdrojewski, T. R., & Więcek, A. (2021) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-021-00484-6 · Cited by 23
Documento de consenso sobre el abordaje de la hiperpotasemia
Ortíz, A., del Arco, C., Fernández‐García, J. C., Cerezo, J. G., Ochoa, R. I., Núñez, J. E., Gutiérrez, F. P., & Navarro‐González, J. F. (2023) · Nefrología · doi:10.1016/j.nefro.2023.05.004 · Cited by 24
A mathematical model of potassium homeostasis: Effect of feedforward and feedback controls
Stadt, M. M., Leete, J., Devinyak, S., & Layton, A. T. (2022) · PLOS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010607 · Cited by 19
“consistent with estimates in the literature [3, 29].”
BackgroundElectrolyte Imbalance and Neurologic Injury
Poe, J., Sriram, S., Mehkri, Y., & Lucke-Wold, B. P. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527322666230215144649 · Cited by 16
Review of machine perfusion studies in vascularized composite allotransplant preservation
Duru, Ç., Biniazan, F., Hadžimustafić, N., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Transplantation · doi:10.3389/frtra.2023.1323387 · Cited by 16
Consensus statement on the management of hyperkalaemia—An Asia–Pacific perspective
Yap, D. Y. H., Ronald, C. W., Wong, E. C. K., Tsui, M. S. H., Yu, E. Y. T., Yu, V., Szeto, C., Pang, W., Tse, H., Siu, D. C. W., et al. (2024) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.14281 · Cited by 16
“14,15 One recent retrospective study in Hong Kong showed that the prevalence of hyperkalaemia is high (28”
BackgroundThe design and evolution of fluorescent protein-based sensors for monoatomic ions in biology
Baek, K., Ji, K., Peng, W., Liyanaarachchi, S. M., & Dodani, S. C. (2021) · Protein Engineering Design and Selection · doi:10.1093/protein/gzab023 · Cited by 16
Diagnostic value of parameters from a spot urine sample for renal potassium loss in hypokalemia
Li, J., Ma, H., Lei, Y., & Wan, Q. (2020) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2020.10.024 · Cited by 15
Calabrese, V., Cernaro, V., Battaglia, V., Gembillo, G., Longhitano, E., Siligato, R., Sposito, G., Ferlazzo, G., & Santoro, D. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010244 · Cited by 15
“Potassium is the most abundant inorganic ion within cells; 98% of this cation (K+) is found in the intracellular compartment (about 150 mEq/L) and 2% is found in the extracellular compartment (about 3–5 mEq/L) [1].”
BackgroundHyperchloremic normal gap metabolic acidosis
Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J. (2020) · Minerva Endocrinology · doi:10.23736/s0391-1977.19.03059-1 · Cited by 17
Self-citationGrams, M. E., Hoenig, M. P., & Hoorn, E. J. (2021) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2020.17672 · Cited by 15
Welland, N. L., Hæstad, H., Fossmo, H. L., Giltvedt, K., Ørstavik, K., & Nordstrøm, M. (2021) · Journal of Neuromuscular Diseases · doi:10.3233/jnd-200604 · Cited by 14
“This could be related to the prominent role skeletal muscles have in the extrarenal K + homeostasis [6, 7, 30, 31, 38].”
Targeting ion homeostasis in metabolic diseases: Molecular mechanisms and targeted therapies
Zhang, Y., Ma, K., Fang, X., Zhang, Y., Miao, R., Guan, H., & Tian, J. (2025) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2025.107579 · Cited by 13
Tacail, T., Lewis, J., Clauß, M., Coath, C. D., Evershed, R. P., Albalat, E., Elliott, T. R., & Tütken, T. (2023) · Metallomics · doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfad065 · Cited by 13
Chronic Kidney Disease in Diabetes: A Clinical Practice Guideline
Tobe, S. W., BAJAJ, H. S., Tangri, N., Jain, R., Pham, T. T., Beaudin, V., & McFarlane, P. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2025.01.004 · Cited by 15
Pregnancy Complicated by Hypertension and Hypokalemia
Garg, A., Parajuli, P., & Mamillapalli, C. K. (2020) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2020.04.012 · Cited by 13
“potassium wasting) in the presence of hypertension, suggesting a hyperaldosteronism-like state.(8,9) However, the observed suppressed serum aldosterone level leads to the diagnosis of an activating mineralocorticoid receptor mutation.”
BackgroundAn unconscious man with profound drug-induced hypoglycaemia
Schiemsky, T., Croes, K., Vermeersch, P., et al. (2019) · Biochemia Medica · doi:10.11613/bm.2020.010802 · Cited by 13
“Other possible causes of an acute intracellular shift including alkalosis, increased β2-adrenergic stimulation, chloroquine intoxication, familial hypokalaemia periodic paralysis or thyrotoxic periodic paralysis were ruled out (7).”
BackgroundFibroblast growth factor 21; review on its participation in vascular calcification pathology
Olapoju, S. O., Adejobi, O. I., & Thi, X. L. (2019) · Vascular Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.vph.2019.106636 · Cited by 12
Consensus document on the management of hyperkalemia
Ortíz, A., del Arco, C., Fernández‐García, J. C., Cerezo, J. G., Ochoa, R. I., Núñez, J. E., Gutiérrez, F. P., & Navarro‐González, J. F. (2023) · Nefrología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.nefroe.2023.12.002 · Cited by 14
Thongprayoon, C., Cheungpasitporn, W., Chewcharat, A., Mao, M. A., Vallabhajosyula, S., Bathini, T. J., Thirunavukkarasu, S., & KASHANI, K. B. (2020) · Hospital Practice · doi:10.1080/21548331.2020.1729621 · Cited by 11
Kreitzer, N. P., Albert, N. M., Amin, A., Beavers, C. J., Becker, R. C., Fonarow, G. C., Gibler, W. B., Kwon, K. W., Mentz, R. J., Palmer, B. F., et al. (2025) · Cardiorenal Medicine · doi:10.1159/000543385 · Cited by 14
“Following a meal, the release of insulin serves not only to regulate glucose levels but also to facilitate the transfer of dietary K + into cells until the kidneys eliminate the excess K [10].”
InfluentialSelf-citationDing, M., Zhang, Q., Shi, F., Zhou, L., Guo, X., Li, Q., Luo, L., Miao, Y., & Huo, Y. (2025) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2025.165564 · Cited by 10
Predialysis Potassium Variability and Postdialysis Mortality in Patients With Advanced CKD
Dashputre, A. A., Potukuchi, P. K., Sumida, K., et al. (2021) · Kidney International Reports · doi:10.1016/j.ekir.2020.11.022 · Cited by 10
“Plasma K levels are typically maintained within a narrow range, ensuring the maintenance of resting cell membrane potential and neuromuscular and cardiomuscular excitability.(35) Given the characteristics of our population, patients could be expected to experience more frequent or more sudden plasma K fluctuations, th…”
BackgroundAlSahow, A. (2023) · World Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.5527/wjn.v12.i4.73 · Cited by 11
Desai, N. B., & Hoenig, M. P. (2024) · Advances in Kidney Disease and Health · doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2024.08.001 · Cited by 9
Factors associated with kalemia in renal disease
Granal, M., Fouque, D. P., Ducher, M., & Fauvel, J. (2023) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfad015 · Cited by 10
Jiménez‐Marrero, S., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., Monterde, D., Vela, E., Clèries, M., García‐Eroles, L., Enjuanes, C., Yun, S., Garay, A., Moliner, P., et al. (2020) · Revista Española de Cardiología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.rec.2020.06.013 · Cited by 9
Chhabria, M., Portales‐Castillo, I., Chowdhury, M., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Kidney Diseases · doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.020 · Cited by 9
“Q U IZ creatinine ratio is >13 mEq/g.(2) Our patient had 30 mEq of potassium per gram of creatinine in the urine on admission and 112 mEq of potassium in the 24-hour urine collection (while getting potassium repletion).”
BackgroundJiménez‐Marrero, S., Cainzos‐Achirica, M., Monterde, D., Vela, E., Clèries, M., García‐Eroles, L., Enjuanes, C., Yun, S., Garay, A., Moliner, P., et al. (2020) · Revista Española de Cardiología · doi:10.1016/j.recesp.2020.06.016 · Cited by 9
Liu, Y., Qiu, T., Fu, Z.-Z., et al. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039041 · Cited by 8
“[10] It ultimately leads to the patient’s water-electrolyte disorders.”
BackgroundStrizzi, C. T., D’Ambrosio, V., Grandaliano, G., & Pesce, F. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26188829 · Cited by 13
“• Aldosterone upregulates HKA activity, particularly during hypokalemia [92,93].”
Genetic diagnosis and treatment of hereditary renal tubular disease with hypokalemia and alkalosis
Guo, W., Ji, P., & Xie, Y. (2022) · Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s40620-022-01428-4 · Cited by 8
Guo, Y., Qiu, Y., Xue, T., Yan, P., Zhao, W., Wang, M., Liu, C., & Zhang, N. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0309764 · Cited by 7
“Potassium ion (K+), one of the cations widely located in intracellular, plays a crucial role in the maintenance of cell membrane potential, pH stability, metabolism and energy homeostasis, as well as the regulation of many cellular functions [11,12].”
Potassium binding for conservative and preservative management of chronic kidney disease
Clegg, D. J., & Palmer, B. F. (2019) · Current Opinion in Nephrology & Hypertension · doi:10.1097/mnh.0000000000000564 · Cited by 7
Self-citationStatsenko, Y. A., Habuza, T., Talako, T., Pazniak, M., Likhorad, E., Pazniak, A., Beliakouski, P., Gelovani, J. G., Gorkom, K., Almansoori, T. M., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.882190 · Cited by 7
“The deficit of oxygen results in acidosis and shifts potassium from the intra-to extracellular compartment as ATP is not sufficiently replenished (40, 41).”
BackgroundSeverino, P., D’Amato, A., Prosperi, S., Myftari, V., Francia, A. L., Önkaya, M., Notari, C., Papisca, I., Canuti, E. S., Revivo, M. Y., et al. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14163439 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, it is involved in several physiological mechanisms [80], such as vascular tone and systemic blood pressure regulation, gastrointestinal motility, acid–base homeostasis, glucose, and insulin metabolism [81,82].”
BackgroundA New Understanding of Potassium's Influence Upon Human Health and Renal Physiology
McCormick, J. A., Topf, J. M., Tomacruz, I. D. V., & Grimm, P. R. (2023) · Advances in Kidney Disease and Health · doi:10.1053/j.akdh.2023.01.001 · Cited by 8
Usman, A., Shaikh, M. F., Dujaili, J. A., Mustafa, N., & Gan, S. H. (2021) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2021.03.001 · Cited by 10
Fifteen-minute consultation: Emergency management of children presenting with hyperkalaemia
Rubens, M., & Kanaris, C. (2021) · Archives of Disease in Childhood Education & Practice · doi:10.1136/archdischild-2021-322080 · Cited by 6
Role of Routine Markers in the Diagnosis of Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease
Laibi, H. A., Jewad, A. M., & Salih, M. (2023) · Journal of Biomedicine and Biochemistry · doi:10.57238/jbb.2023.6532.1027 · Cited by 6
Hyperkalemia and blood pressure regulation
Mutig, K., & Bachmann, S. (2019) · Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation · doi:10.1093/ndt/gfz218 · Cited by 6
Chakraborty, P., Bhattacharjee, R., Patra, S., et al. (2021) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_785_20 · Cited by 6
“5 mmol: mmol or >13 mmol/gram in spot sample during hypokalemia suggested inappropriate renal K+ excretion.[4,5] Tubular reabsorption of phosphate (TRP) was calculated in all patients with hypophosphatemia, and tubular maximum reabsorption of phosphate corrected for GFR (TmP/GFR) was obtained from the valid nomogram.”
MethodAssociation of dyskalemias with short-term health care utilization in patients with advanced CKD
Dashputre, A. A., Gatwood, J. D., Sumida, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Managed Care & Specialty Pharmacy · doi:10.18553/jmcp.2021.27.10.1403 · Cited by 6
“ASSOCIATION OF DYSKALEMIAS WITH HOSPITAL VISITS Over the 1-year follow-up period, 8,635 (40%) patients experienced a hospital visit, with a total (median [25th-75th percentiles]) of 18,374 (2 [1-3]) hospital visits.”
BackgroundSun, Z., Jiao, J., Lu, G., Liu, R., Li, Z. Y., Sun, Y., & Chen, Z. (2023) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2023.1285929 · Cited by 5
“Contrarily, animal products have higher potassium content but lower carbohydrate content, which may lead to higher plasma potassium levels after intake, therefore, not all potassium-rich foods are likely to result in similar increases in serum potassium concentrations (6).”
BackgroundInfluentialMarshall, W. R., Curran, G. A., Traynor, J. P., et al. (2024) · Clinical Kidney Journal · doi:10.1093/ckj/sfae313 · Cited by 5
Strauss‐Kruger, M., Pieters, M., van Zyl, T., Gafane-Matemane, L. F., Mokwatsi, G. G., Jacobs, A., Schutte, A. E., Louw, R., & Mels, C. M. C. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.12.025 · Cited by 5
Usman, A., Mustafa, N., Iqbal, S. P., Hasan, M. Z., Shaikh, M. F., Dujaili, J. A., & Gan, S. H. (2021) · International Journal of Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/ijcp.14315 · Cited by 6
Long-term complications of primary distal renal tubular acidosis
Santos, F., & Gil‐Peña, H. (2022) · Pediatric Nephrology · doi:10.1007/s00467-022-05546-w · Cited by 5
Hirose, R., Tsurutani, Y., Nakatsue, T., et al. (2023) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.1931-23 · Cited by 5
“Excessive carbohydrate intake causes hyperinsulinemia, which results in an intracellular shift of serum potassium, leading to hypokalemia (25).”
BackgroundUsman, A., Mustafa, N., Dujaili, J. A., et al. (2020) · Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej · doi:10.20452/pamw.15634 · Cited by 5
“At first, it hinders influx of serum-potassium (SK) from extracellular (ECF) to intracellular (ICF) compartment triggering hyperkalemia [2].”
BackgroundInfluentialUehara, A., Mok, Y., Matsushita, K., Lutsey, P. L., & Ishigami, J. (2025) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgaf120 · Cited by 4
The impact of serum potassium ion variability on 28-day mortality in ICU patients
Zhang, Y., Liang, S., & Wen, H. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0310046 · Cited by 4
Pérez‐Juárez, C. M., García-Ortíz, J. D., González-Martínez, D. W., Flores‐Gallegos, A. C., Requena, M. C., Galindo, A. S., Ascacio-Valdés, J. A., & Rodrı́guez-Herrera, R. (2024) · Food and Humanity · doi:10.1016/j.foohum.2024.100479 · Cited by 4
Cai, A., Zhang, T., Gao, K., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1582894 · Cited by 4
“Insulin resistance in diabetic patients can reduce cellular potassium uptake, while sepsis-induced AKI may impair potassium excretion (25, 26).”
Ma, Y., Ding, Y.-F., Yang, L.-H., et al. (2026) · Electrochimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.electacta.2026.148137 · Cited by 4
Walter, C., Rafael, C., Genna, A., Baron, S., & Crambert, G. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-81388-0 · Cited by 4
The Effects of Magnesium Coadminstration During Treatment of Hypokalemia in the Emergency Department
Tuttle, A., Fitter, S., Hua, H., et al. (2022) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2022.06.007 · Cited by 4
Gerard, R., Sauvestre, C., Barat, P., et al. (2024) · Archives de Pédiatrie · doi:10.1016/j.arcped.2023.10.007 · Cited by 4
Li, F., Wang, T., Wang, L., et al. (2025) · Science Progress · doi:10.1177/00368504251314081 · Cited by 4
Xiao, X., Erukainure, O. L., Guo, Y., Msomi, N. Z., Chu, M., & Islam, M. S. (2025) · Food Bioscience · doi:10.1016/j.fbio.2025.107011 · Cited by 6
Polymyxin Acute Kidney Injury: a case of severe tubulopathy
Goldin, L. A. D. M., Silva, L. N., da Silva, T. F., et al. (2021) · Brazilian Journal of Nephrology · doi:10.1590/2175-8239-jbn-2019-0191 · Cited by 4
Romero-González, G. A., Bover, J., Arrieta, J., Salera, D., Troya, M. I., Graterol, F., Ureña, P., Cozzolino, M. G., Lullo, L. D., Cippà, P. E., et al. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11143970 · Cited by 4
“The electrical and chemical gradients determining the K+ flow into the urine are influenced by plasma K+ concentration, mineralocorticoid activity, distal sodium delivery, and tubular fluid flow rate (which is decreased in HF), among other factors [20].”
BackgroundInfluentialTian, R., Li, R., & Zhou, X. (2023) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina59020353 · Cited by 4
“Insulin is the most efficient rapid-action treatment to shift potassium; the primary shifting mechanism of insulin is by binding with glucose transporter 4 receptor on skeletal muscles, thus activating sodium–potassium adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) to achieve potassium homeostasis control [40].”
BackgroundStadt, M. M., & Layton, A. T. (2024) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00283.2023 · Cited by 4
Chukwuedozie, V. C., Garg, T., Chaudhry, H. A., Shawl, S. H., Mishra, P., Adaralegbe, N. J., & Khan, A. (2022) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.27695 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Palmer, B. F., & Clegg, D. J.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Palmer, Biff F.
- Venue
- American Journal of Kidney Diseases
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-11
- Volume
- 74
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 682-695
- ISSN
- 0272-6386 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2949599907
- Cited by
- 215
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 39 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 6
- FWCI
- 15.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2022-11-01)
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Kidney Diseases (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Potassium and Related Disorders
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Ion Transport and Channel Regulation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Parathyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Keywords
- potassium homeostasis, total body potassium, potassium distribution, renal potassium excretion, insulin, hyperkalemia, hypokalemia, potassium disorders
- MeSH terms
- Curriculum, Education, Medical, Homeostasis, Humans, Hyperkalemia, Kidney, Kidney Failure, Chronic, Nephrology, Potassium
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
