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AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Noninvasive Biomarkers in the Evaluation and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Expert Review

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Wattacheril, Julia J., Abdelmalek, Manal F., Lim, Joseph K., Sanyal, Arun J.·2023·Gastroenterology

DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.013

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Abstract

DESCRIPTION: The purpose of this American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) Clinical Practice Update Expert Review is to provide clinicians with guidance on the use of noninvasive tests (NITs) in the evaluation and management of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD affects nearly 30% of the global population and is a growing cause of end-stage liver disease and liver-related health care resource utilization. However, only a minority of all patients with NAFLD experience a liver-related outcome. It is therefore critically important for clinicians to assess prognosis and identify those with increased risk of disease progression and negative clinical outcomes at the time of initial assessment. It is equally important to assess disease trajectory over time, particularly in response to currently available therapeutic approaches. The reference standard for assessment of prognosis and disease monitoring is histologic examination of liver biopsy specimens. There are, however, many limitations of liver biopsies and their reading that have limited their use in routine practice. The utilization of NITs facilitates risk stratification of patients and longitudinal assessment of disease progression for patients with NAFLD. This clinical update provides best practice advice based on a review of the literature on the utilization of NITs in the management of NAFLD for clinicians. Accordingly, a combination of available evidence and consensus-based expert opinion, without formal rating of the strength and quality of the evidence, was used to develop these best practice advice statements. METHODS: This Expert Review was commissioned and approved by the AGA Institute Clinical Practice Updates Committee and the AGA Governing Board to provide timely guidance on a topic of high clinical importance to the AGA membership and underwent internal peer review by the Clinical Practice Updates Committee and external peer review through standard procedures of Gastroenterology. These best practice advice statements were drawn from a review of the published literature and from expert opinion. Because systematic reviews were not performed, these best practice advice statements do not carry formal ratings of the quality of evidence or strength of the presented considerations. Best Practice Advice Statements BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 1: NITs can be used for risk stratification in the diagnostic evaluation of patients with NAFLD. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 2: A Fibrosis 4 Index score <1.3 is associated with strong negative predictive value for advanced hepatic fibrosis and may be useful for exclusion of advanced hepatic fibrosis in patients with NAFLD. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 3: A combination of 2 or more NITs combining serum biomarkers and/or imaging-based biomarkers is preferred for staging and risk stratification of patients with NAFLD whose Fibrosis 4 Index score is >1.3. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 4: Use of NITs in accordance with manufacturer's specifications (eg, not in patients with ascites or pacemakers) can minimize risk of discordant results and adverse events. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 5: NITs should be interpreted with context and consideration of pertinent clinical data (eg, physical examination, biochemical, radiographic, and endoscopic) to optimize positive predictive value in the identification of patients with advanced fibrosis. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 6: Liver biopsy should be considered for patients with NIT results that are indeterminate or discordant; conflict with other clinical, laboratory, or radiologic findings; or when alternative etiologies for liver disease are suspected. BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 7: Serial longitudinal monitoring using NITs for assessment of disease progression or regression may inform clinical management (ie, response to lifestyle modification or therapeutic intervention). BEST PRACTICE ADVICE 8: Patients with NAFLD and NITs results suggestive of advanced fibrosis (F3) or cirrhosis (F4) should be considered for surveillance of liver complications (eg, hepatocellular carcinoma screening and variceal screening per Baveno criteria). Patients with NAFLD and NITs suggestive of advanced hepatic fibrosis (F3) or (F4), should be monitored with serial liver stiffness measurement; vibration controlled transient elastography; or magnetic resonance elastography, given its correlation with clinically significant portal hypertension and clinical decompensation.

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Background
Clinical care guidance in patients with diabetes and metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease: A joint consensus
Huang, J., Chang, T., Yeh, M., Shen, F., Tai, C., Chen, J., Huang, Y., Hsu, C., Cheng, P., Lin, C., et al. (2024) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000571 · Cited by 15
“[54] The serological markers included FIB-4 index, AST/ALT ratio, AST-to-platelet ratio index, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score, enhanced liver fibrosis test, and FibroMeter MASLD.”
BackgroundMethod
Detecting at-risk steatotic liver disease and liver fibrosis in the community
Adams, L. A., Thiele, M. S., & Tsochatzis, E. A. (2025) · Hepatology · doi:10.1097/hep.0000000000001400 · Cited by 14
A Precision Medicine Guided Approach to the Utilization of Biomarkers in MASLD
Thakral, N., Desalegn, H., Díaz, L. A., Cabrera, D., Loomba, R. S., Arrese, M. A., & Arab, J. P. (2024) · Seminars in Liver Disease · doi:10.1055/a-2364-2928 · Cited by 14
“103,104 The MEFIB index has additionally proven superior to a previously suggested FAST index (FIB-4, AST) in a head-to-head trial.”
Risk of Hepatocellular Carcinoma by Steatotic Liver Disease and Its Newly Proposed Subclassification
Song, B. G., Kim, A., Goh, M. J., Kang, W., Gwak, G., Paik, Y., Choi, M. S., Lee, J. H., & Sinn, D. H. (2024) · Liver Cancer · doi:10.1159/000538301 · Cited by 13
“The FIB-4 index was used to assess the severity of ﬁ brosis and to classify participants with SLD into two groups: high-intermediate (FIB-4 ≥ 1.3) and low-probability (FIB-4 1.3) advanced ﬁ brosis [13, 14].”
MethodInfluential
Global patterns of utilization of noninvasive tests for the clinical management of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease
Allen, A. M., Lazarus, J. V., Alkhouri, N., Noureddin, M., Wong, V. W., Tsochatzis, E. A., de Avila, L., Racila, A., Nader, F., Mark, H. E., et al. (2025) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000678 · Cited by 12
Impact of metabolism-disrupting chemicals and folic acid supplementation on liver injury and steatosis in mother-child pairs
Aldana, S. I., Midya, V., Betanzos‐Robledo, L., Yao, M., Alcala, C. S., Andra, S. S., Arora, M., Calafat, A. M., Chu, J., Deierlein, A. L., et al. (2024) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2024.11.050 · Cited by 12
GDF-15 improves the predictive capacity of steatotic liver disease non-invasive tests for incident morbidity and mortality risk for cardio-renal-metabolic diseases and malignancies
Kokkorakis, M., Folkertsma, P., Forte, J. C., Wolffenbuttel, B. H. R., van Dam, S., & Mantzoros, C. S. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156047 · Cited by 13
Golgi protein 73 in liver fibrosis
Szternel, Ł., Sobucki, B., Wieprzycka, L., Krintus, M., & Panteghini, M. (2024) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2024.119999 · Cited by 11
Association between the Life's essential 8 health behaviors score and all-cause mortality in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Han, Y., Tang, J., Wu, N., Li, Z., Ren, H. G., Hu, P., & Chen, Z. (2024) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2024.156096 · Cited by 11
Lean MASLD and Cardiovascular Disease: A Review
Lebovics, N., Heering, G., Frishman, W. H., & Lebovics, E. (2025) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000000893 · Cited by 11
Efficacy and safety of anti-obesity drugs in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: An updated review
Concepción‐Zavaleta, M. J., Fuentes‐Mendoza, J. M., Yovera, J. G. G., Ruvalcaba-Barbosa, G. Y., Cura-Rodríguez, L. D., González-Rodríguez, J. S., Urteaga, L. A. C., Pérez-Reyes, A. I., Aldave, J. E. Q., & Paz‐Ibarra, J. (2025) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i37.111435 · Cited by 11
“Its performance is age-dependent, with reduced sensitivity in younger adults and reduced specificity in the elderly[33].”
Performance of novel collagen turnover biomarkers to detect increased liver stiffness in MASLD
Hegmar, H., Wiggers, T., Nasr, P., Vessby, J., Kechagias, S., Nyhlin, N., Marschall, H., Borssén, Å. D., Strandberg, R., Karsdal, M. A., et al. (2024) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13813 · Cited by 10
Serum Ferritin Levels and Liver‐Related Events in Individuals With Steatotic Liver Disease: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Song, B. G., Goh, M. J., Kang, W., Gwak, G., Paik, Y., Choi, M. S., Lee, J. H., & Sinn, D. H. (2024) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.18402 · Cited by 10
“Patients with SLD but without metabolic dysfunction or increased alcohol intake were diagnosed with cryptogenic SLD [17, 18].”
Legumes as a Substitute for Red and Processed Meat, Poultry or Fish, and the Risk of Non‐Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in a Large Cohort
Langmann, F., Ibsen, D. B., Johnston, L., Perez‐Cornago, A., & Dahm, C. C. (2024) · Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1111/jhn.70004 · Cited by 9
Noninvasive Evaluation of Prolonged‐Release Pirfenidone in Compensated Liver Cirrhosis. ODISEA Study, a Randomised Trial
Muñoz‐Espinosa, L. E., Torre, A., Cisneros, L., Montalvo, I., Malé, R., Mejía, S., Aguilar, J. R., Lizardi, J., Zuñiga‐Noriega, J., Eugenia Icaza, M., et al. (2025) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.70131 · Cited by 10
“Other relevant findings are the significant improvement in platelet count, bilirubin, and albumin values commonly used as part of noninvasive biological tests for suspecting the presence of ALF [26].”
Clinical Assessment of People With Obesity: Focus on Adiposity-Related Multimorbidity
Bianchettin, R. G., Gawey, B. J., Acosta, A. J., Borlaug, B. A., Caples, S. M., Collazo–Clavell, M. L., Clark, M. M., Lara-Breitinger, K. M., Lerman, A., Lerman, L. O., et al. (2025) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2025.02.021 · Cited by 13
Steatotic liver disease and its newly proposed sub-classifications correlate with progression of the coronary artery calcium score
Kim, A., Kang, D., Choi, S. C., Cho, J., Sinn, D. H., & Gwak, G. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0301126 · Cited by 9
“We categorized participants as having a low likelihood of liver fibrosis (FIB-4 score < 1.3) and an intermediate or high likelihood of liver fibrosis ( � 1.3) [10].”
MethodInfluential
Quantitative ultrasound techniques and biochemical markers to assess liver steatosis and fibrosis in newly diagnosed acromegaly
Coşkun, M., Şendur, H. N., Babayeva, A., Cerit, M. N., Cerit, E. T., Yalçın, M. M., Altınova, A. E., Aktürk, M., Karakoç, M. A., & Törüner, F. B. (2024) · Journal of Endocrinological Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40618-024-02384-5 · Cited by 9
Supporting prioritization efforts of higher-order reference providers using evidence from the Joint Committee for Traceability in Laboratory Medicine database
Panteghini, M., & Wielgosz, R. I. (2025) · Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM) · doi:10.1515/cclm-2025-0401 · Cited by 9
“…as the Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index (variables in the model: age, AST, ALT, and platelet count), are now recommended by several clinical organizations as a ﬁ rst-line non-invasive testing tools for assessing the presence of advanced liver ﬁ brosis in patients at high risk for this condition [32, 33].”
The relationship between hepatic steatosis index and hypertension: NHANES 2011–2018
Zhang, W., Gao, B., Wang, Y., Cao, Y., & Wang, J. (2025) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-025-04744-2 · Cited by 9
“Imaging-based approaches, such as ultrasound, exhibit limited sensitivity for detecting mild steatosis and are highly operator-dependent [17].”
Endoscopic bariatric and metabolic therapies and its effect on metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a review of the current literature
Aitharaju, V., Ragheb, J. G., Firkins, S. A., Patel, R., & Simons-Linares, C. R. (2024) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2024.09.012 · Cited by 8
FibroScan Discordance With Liver Biopsy Significantly Overestimates Advanced Fibrosis and Cirrhosis in MASLD Subjects With Class 3 Obesity
Velji-Ibrahim, J., Woodard, J. S., Alden, J., & Abrams, G. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0000000000002132 · Cited by 8
Extracellular vesicles as biomarkers for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease staging using explainable artificial intelligence
Trifylli, E.-M., Angelakis, A., Kriebardis, A. G., Papadopoulos, N., Fortis, S. P., Pantazatou, V., Koskinas, J. S., Kranidioti, H., Koustas, E., Sarantis, P., et al. (2025) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v31.i22.106937 · Cited by 8
Prognostic significance of low hepatic fat content in advanced chronic liver disease: MRI-PDFF insights
Nakamura, A., Yoshimura, T., Ichikawa, T., & Okuyama, K. (2024) · Annals of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.aohep.2024.101507 · Cited by 7
Monitoring the liver as a part of the cardio-renal-metabolic continuum – What is cooking and burning with non-invasive tests and treatment options?
Volčanšek, Š., Janež, A., Rizzo, M., & Muzurović, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Diabetes and its Complications · doi:10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2024.108875 · Cited by 7
Significant Within-Individual Variability in VCTE Liver Stiffness Measurements at Two Intercostal Spaces in Subjects with MASLD: Implications for Evaluating Improvement in Liver Fibrosis After Weight-Loss or Liver-Directed Therapy
Woodard, J. S., Velji-Ibrahim, J., & Abrams, G. A. (2024) · Diseases · doi:10.3390/diseases12110288 · Cited by 8
“…of the following metabolic risk factors or on medication: BMI ≥ 25 kg/m 2 or a waist circumference > 94 cm (male) or 80 cm (female), fasting glucose 100 mg/dL or HbA1 c ≥ 5.7% or type 2 diabetes, blood pressure ≥ 130/85, triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, or HDL ≤ 40 mg/dL (men) or ≤ 50 mg/dL (women) [3].”
Influential
Efficacy and safety of resmetirom for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a GRADE assessed systematic review and meta-analysis
Talha, M., Ali, M. H., Nadeem, Z. A., Akram, U., Saravanan, P. B., & Khalid, M. H. A. (2024) · European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology · doi:10.1097/meg.0000000000002892 · Cited by 7
“These tests in turn can help in the appropriate identification of the candidate for treatment [27,32,33].”
Using Incidental Radiologic Findings of Hepatic Steatosis to Improve the Diagnosis of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
Schonfeld, E. A., Kierans, A. S., Fox, R. K., & Brandman, D. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacr.2024.12.014 · Cited by 7
The hepatocellular model of fatty liver disease: from current imaging diagnostics to innovative proteomics technologies
Hernandez, R., García-Rodríguez, N., Arriaga, M. A., Pérez, R., Bala, A. A., Leandro, A., Diego, V. P., Almeida, M., Parsons, J., Manusov, E., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1513598 · Cited by 7
The accuracy of FibroScan, FIB-4, and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease fibrosis score in predicting biopsy-defined fibrosis and steatosis across all fibrosis stages in patients with metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease
Thallapureddy, K., Twitchell, D., Ott, K., Pedicone, L. D., Owo, C., Kumar, N., Gelfond, J., Shankar, N., Goros, M. W., Kwok, D., et al. (2025) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000042016 · Cited by 7
Development and Validation of Machine Learning‐Based Marker for Early Detection and Prognosis Stratification of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Xiao, L., Zeng, L., Wang, J., Hong, C., Zhang, Z., Wu, C., Cui, H., Li, Y., Li, R., Liang, S., et al. (2025) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202410527 · Cited by 7
Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease management in Saudi Arabia: A modified Delphi-based adaptation of international standards
Abaalkhail, F. A., Sanai, F. M., Alswat, K., Alzanbagi, A., Al-Jedai, A. H., Alshehri, A., Alfadda, A. A., Alghamdi, H., Almadi, M. A., AlEissa, M., et al. (2025) · Saudi Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.4103/sjg.sjg_199_25 · Cited by 8
Artificial intelligence in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Transforming diagnosis and therapeutic approaches
Hernández-Almonacid, P. G., & Marín-Quintero, X. (2026) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v32.i2.111737 · Cited by 8
“Given that the degree of fibrosis is the primary predictor of adverse outcomes, current diagnostic algorithms prioritize its early detection[27].”
Disease modifiers and novel markers in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma
Mak, L. (2024) · Journal of Liver Cancer · doi:10.17998/jlc.2024.08.03 · Cited by 7
“88 While LSM and ELF are widely available in many clinical settings, and endorsed in clinical practice guidelines for other liver diseases, 89,90 M2BPGi remains to be a research tool.”
Method
Redefining Liver Fibrosis Risk Assessment in Indians with Type 2 Diabetes: New FIB-4 Score Cutoff for Optimizing Sequential Assessment with Transient Elastography
Deb, R., Goswami, S., Sengupta, N., Baidya, A., Khare, V. R., Datta, J., Das, M., & Ray, D. (2025) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_457_24 · Cited by 6
Liver stiffness measurements in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: Updates on the method effectiveness and perspectives
Sukocheva, O. A., Ow, T., Harding, D., Mire, M. L., & Tse, E. (2025) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v17.i7.106675 · Cited by 6
Emerging Perspectives in the Diagnosis and Management of Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD): A Narrative Review
Djeagou, A., Gunukula, K., Sermani, A., & Vaspari, S. K. (2025) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.95288 · Cited by 8
Biomarkers in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease
De, A., Chalasani, N., & Duseja, A. K. (2025) · Gastroenterology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.gtc.2025.09.003 · Cited by 6
Metabolic reprogramming in fibrosis-related diseases: underlying mechanisms and therapeutics
Feng, Y., Zhang, X., Wang, X., & Chen, C. (2026) · Molecular Biomedicine · doi:10.1186/s43556-026-00490-9 · Cited by 7
“Liver fibrosis is a strong predictor of adverse hepatic and cardiovascular outcomes [200].”
Diagnostic Performance of Serum Mac-2-Binding Protein Glycosylation Isomer as a Fibrosis Biomarker in Non-Obese and Obese Patients with MASLD
Ananchuensook, P., Moonlisarn, K., Boonkaew, B., Bunchorntavakul, C., & Tangkijvanich, P. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13020415 · Cited by 5
“The widely used fibrosis models in patients with MASLD that include a combination of indirect biomarkers are the fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, aspartate aminotransferase (AST)/platelet ratio index (APRI), and NAFLD fibrosis score (NFS) [6].”
Fibrosis-4 Index Reflects the Severity of Tricuspid Regurgitation and Patient Prognosis in Atrial Fibrillation
Chang, K.-C., Lin, T., Wang, T., Chuang, S.-L., Lee, C.-C., Wu, C., Lin, L., Huang, K., & Lin, L. (2025) · European Journal of Heart Failure · doi:10.1002/ejhf.3761 · Cited by 5
“…FIB-4 may serve as a prognostic factor in patients with cardiovascular diseases including heart failure, atrial fibrillation and isolated TR. 9, 1 6,25 Considering the AST/ALT ratio and the prognostic impact of thrombocytopenia in cardiovascular disease, FIB-4 is of great potential for a…”
Association between the TyG index and MAFLD and its subtypes: a population-based cross-sectional study
Liu, C., Li, C., Fu, J., Bai, L., Wang, M., Song, P., & Zheng, M. (2025) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-025-04195-1 · Cited by 5
“However, ultrasound is safe, affordable, has satisfactory specificity, and is sufficiently sensitive in large population-based epidemiological studies [89].”
Noninvasive liver fibrosis assessment in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease
Ribeiro, T. C. R., Soares, V. D. P. B., Fabri, J. C., & Ramos, L. E. D. A. (2026) · World Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.4254/wjh.v18.i1.111534 · Cited by 5
MetALD: decoding the evolution of steatotic liver disease nomenclature and implications for clinical practice and beyond
Ghodrati, F., Zhang, A. B., & Mahmud, N. (2026) · Gastroenterology report · doi:10.1093/gastro/goag006 · Cited by 6
“Current US and European guidelines recommend using a stepwise approach with the fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) followed by vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) to stage fibrosis and risk stratify MASLD patients [14, 23, 59–61].”
Cell-free DNA fragmentomes for noninvasive detection of liver cirrhosis and other diseases
Annapragada, A. V., Foda, Z. H., Orjuela, H., Norton, C., Koul, S., Niknafs, N., Short, S. B., Boyapati, K., Bartolomucci, A. L., Mathios, D., et al. (2026) · Science Translational Medicine · doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.adw2603 · Cited by 6
Multi-threshold analysis of the ELF Test versus histology for prognostication of disease progression and regression in MASH
Gee, M. F. W., Fonstad, R. K., Vol, E. B. D., Brown, C., Feld, J. J., Patel, K., & Sanyal, A. J. (2026) · Hepatology Communications · doi:10.1097/hc9.0000000000000931 · Cited by 5
“[8] 25] However, recent studies have proposed additional ELF thresholds above and below those currently recommended to improve the risk stratification of patients.”
Self-citation
The Pathophysiological Interrelationship Between Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease and Cardiovascular Disease
Gál, A. R., Szokodi, I., Vizvári, Z., Győrfi, N., Vereczkei, A. G., Petykó, Z., Karádi, Z., & Tóth, A. (2026) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox15060710 · Cited by 6
“…when used to assess liver fibrosis in individuals at increased risk, such as those with type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity with metabolic complications, or ≥ 2 cardiometabolic risk factors, or when combined with non-invasive fibrosis scores, including the Fibrosis-4 Index (FIB-4) [203,207,208].”
Type 2 diabetes and the minor allele of PNPLA3 consistently identify high-risk metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease
Younossi, Z. M., Estep, J. M., Felix, S. C., Lam, B. P., Younossi, Z., Racila, A., & Stepanova, M. (2024) · Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.diabres.2024.111960 · Cited by 5
Evaluation of Nomenclature of Fatty Liver Disease in Association with Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A 14.5-Year Cohort Study in Korea
Hoang, T., Lee, J., Kim, B. H., Cho, Y., & Kim, J. (2025) · Cancer Research and Treatment · doi:10.4143/crt.2024.876 · Cited by 6
“…by calculating the fibrosis-4 index (FIB-4) as follows: In a meta-analysis of 10 studies including 2,759 patients, the performance of FIB-4 for the absence of significant fibrosis (F2) with a threshold in the 1.24-1.45 range demonstrated a mean sensitivity of 77.8% and specificity of 71.2% [15,16].”
Influential
Quantitative Mapping of Fibrotic Tissue Mechanics via Brillouin Spectroscopy
Cheburkanov, V. D., Jung, S., Berezin, M. Y., & Yakovlev, V. V. (2025) · Journal of Biophotonics · doi:10.1002/jbio.202500489 · Cited by 4
Unrecognized Fibrosis Risk in MASLD: A Real-World Analysis and the Case for AI-Augmented Stratification
Ebiai, R., McNair, J., Shuaibi, S. N., Memon, A. I., Desai, A., Fort, L. B., Seoane, L., Girgrah, N., & Therapondos, G. (2025) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2025.100857 · Cited by 5
“5,6 Multiple barriers may contribute to suboptimal care for patients with hepatic steatosis, including limited awareness of MASLD progression, variable adoption of NITs, and delays or errors introduced by manual review of imaging reports and labs.”
Detection of Advanced Liver Fibrosis Using Blood Noninvasive Tests: A Laboratory Medicine Perspective
Krintus, M., & Panteghini, M. (2025) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/hvaf193 · Cited by 4

Authors: Wattacheril, J. J., Abdelmalek, M. F., Lim, J. K., & Sanyal, A. J.
Affiliations: NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
Mayo Clinic (US)
Yale University (US)
Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
Corresponding author: Wattacheril, Julia J.
ORCID: Wattacheril, Julia J.
Abdelmalek, Manal F.
Lim, Joseph K.
Sanyal, Arun J.
Venue: Gastroenterology
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2023-10
Volume: 165
Issue: 4
Pages: 1080-1088
ISSN: 0016-5085 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.013
OpenAlex: W4385567515
Cited by: 236
References: 56
Citations by year: 2026: 80 · 2025: 86 · 2024: 68 · 2023: 2
FWCI: 47.12
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Gastroenterology (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Pfizer
Allergan
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease Diagnosis and Treatment
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Diseases and Immunity
Health Sciences › Medicine › Hepatology › Liver Disease and Transplantation
Keywords: non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-invasive biomarkers, non-invasive tests, liver fibrosis, NAFLD fibrosis score, liver biopsy limitations, risk stratification, disease progression monitoring, liver disease staging, serum biomarkers, NAFLD risk prediction, NAFLD management
MeSH terms: Humans, Liver, Liver Cirrhosis, Biomarkers, Disease Progression, Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease

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AGA Clinical Practice Update on the Role of Noninvasive Biomarkers in the Evaluation and Management of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Expert Review

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