The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 50 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Use of sleep hygiene in the treatment of insomnia
Abstract
Sleep hygiene (SH) refers to a list of behaviors, environmental conditions, and other sleep-related factors that can be adjusted as a stand-alone treatment or component of multimodal treatment for patients with insomnia. This paper presents a review of SH, how this concept has been applied and often modified over the past 24 years, and how it relates to the modern sleep disorder nosology, particularly Inadequate Sleep Hygiene. Although a recognized and commonly utilized treatment option, there is no absolute consensus about which steps must be included to constitute SH treatment, and there is much overlap between SH and other cognitive-behavioral treatments for insomnia such as Stimulus Control Procedures and Sleep Restriction Therapy. The literature on the effects of manipulations of individual components of SH under experimental conditions (e.g. effects of presleep alcohol or caffeine intake) in normal sleepers show mixed results. Empirical data demonstrating the role of poor SH as a contributor to insomnia, or showing that good SH improves sleep in patients with insomnia, is not available. Instead of evaluating the impact of a comprehensive list of SH recommendations, a focus on guidelines for use of individual rules is needed.
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In the citing paper
“A strength in using such methods as comparators is the low efficacy compared to other interventions (50, 51).”
From Total Sleep Deprivation Followed by Bright Light Therapy as Rapid Relief for Depression: A Pragmatic Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [51]
In the citing paper
“Although there is insufficient evidence for sleep hygiene to be an option for single therapy, it is usually provided in conjunction with other modalities [18,28].”
From Non-Pharmacological Treatment of Insomnia (2012) · cites this paper as [28]
Citations
Cites
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A behavioral perspective on insomnia treatment
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Adenosine: A Mediator of the Sleep-Inducing Effects of Prolonged Wakefulness
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Treatment of Chronic Insomnia by Restriction of Time in Bed
(1987) · Sleep · doi:10.1093/sleep/10.1.45 · Cited by 948
Human Sleep: Its Duration and Organization Depend on Its Circadian Phase
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Nonpharmacologic Treatment of Chronic Insomnia
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2 of the 50 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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The effects of physical activity on sleep: A meta-analytic review
Kredlow, M. A., Capozzoli, M. C., Hearon, B. A., Calkins, A. W., & Otto, M. W. (2015) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-015-9617-6 · Cited by 1,333
“Time of day results, however, are inconsistent with past research and sleep-hygiene recommendations indicating that exercising within a few hours of bedtime may be detrimental to sleep (Stepanski & Wyatt, 2003).”
MethodResultThe role of sleep hygiene in promoting public health: a review of empirical evidence
Irish, L. A., Kline, C. E., Gunn, H. E., Buysse, D. J., & Hall, M. H. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2014.10.001 · Cited by 931
Causes and consequences of sleepiness among college students
Hershner, S. D., & Chervin, R. D. (2014) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s62907 · Cited by 818
“Good sleep hygiene includes a regular sleep–wake schedule, quiet sleep environment, and avoidance of caffeine after lunch and stimulating activities before bed.(34,35) Substances are not the only aspect of inadequate sleep hygiene, as the ubiquitous use of technology before bed may also adversely affect sleep.”
Association of sleep duration in middle and old age with incidence of dementia
Sabia, S., Fayosse, A., Dumurgier, J., van Hees, V. T., Paquet, C., Sommerlad, A., Kivimäki, M., Dugravot, A., & Singh-Manoux, A. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-22354-2 · Cited by 628
Assessment of Sleep Hygiene Using the Sleep Hygiene Index
Mastin, D. F., Bryson, J. B., & CORWYN, R. F. (2006) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-006-9047-6 · Cited by 641
“... the psychometric implications of the use of causal variables in the assessment of sleep hygiene (Bollen and Lennox, 1991), (b) create more complete models of sleep hygiene in an effort to understand and explain the precipitation and maintenance of sleep hygiene related behaviors, and (c) examine sleep hygiene beha…”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Stepanski, E. J., & Wyatt, J. K.
- Affiliations
- Rush University Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- Sleep Medicine Reviews
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2003-06
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 215-225
- ISSN
- 1087-0792 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2129344959
- Cited by
- 733
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 58 · 2019: 46 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 38 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 47 · 2013: 28 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 2.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sleep Medicine Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- sleep hygiene, insomnia treatment, cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia, stimulus control, sleep restriction therapy, caffeine consumption
- MeSH terms
- Ethanol, Central Nervous System Stimulants, Body Temperature, Caffeine, Environment, Humans, Sleep Initiation and Maintenance Disorders, Noise, Television, Wakefulness, Exercise, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy
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