The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 27 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
A phase II study of temozolomide vs. procarbazine in patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse
Open accessAbstract
A randomized, multicentre, open-label, phase II study compared temozolomide (TMZ), an oral second-generation alkylating agent, and procarbazine (PCB) in 225 patients with glioblastoma multiforme at first relapse. Primary objectives were to determine progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months and safety for TMZ and PCB in adult patients who failed conventional treatment. Secondary objectives were to assess overall survival and health-related quality of life (HRQL). TMZ was given orally at 200 mg/m(2)/day or 150 mg/m(2)/day (prior chemotherapy) for 5 days, repeated every 28 days. PCB was given orally at 150 mg/m(2)/day or 125 mg/m(2)/day (prior chemotherapy) for 28 days, repeated every 56 days. HRQL was assessed using the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC QLQ-C30 [+3]) and the Brain Cancer Module 20 (BCM20). The 6-month PFS rate for patients who received TMZ was 21%, which met the protocol objective. The 6-month PFS rate for those who received PCB was 8% (P = 0.008, for the comparison). Overall PFS significantly improved with TMZ, with a median PFS of 12.4 weeks in the TMZ group and 8.32 weeks in the PCB group (P = 0.0063). The 6-month overall survival rate for TMZ patients was 60% vs. 44% for PCB patients (P = 0.019). Freedom from disease progression was associated with maintenance of HRQL, regardless of treatment received. TMZ had an acceptable safety profile; most adverse events were mild or moderate in severity.
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“The average historical PFS6 based on the above studies is 15.3 ± 3.8%”
From Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“and the average historical TTP is 9.5 ± 1.6 weeks.”
From Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“OS averaged 29.3 ± 6 weeks (see SI Table 2).”
From Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Efficacy analysis was performed for 10 recurrent GBM patients by comparing TTP, PFS6, and OS in recurrent GBM patients treated with the NovoTTF-100A device with the TTP, PFS6, and OS of recurrent GBM patients in a literature based historical control group (10, 25–28).”
From Alternating electric fields arrest cell proliferation in animal tumor models and human brain tumors (2007) · cites this paper as [25]
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Aaronson, N. K., Ahmedzai, S., Bergman, B., Bullinger, M., Cull, A., Duez, N. J., Filiberti, A., Flechtner, H., Fleishman, S. B., Haes, J. C. J. M. D., et al. (1993) · JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/85.5.365 · Cited by 16,005 · cited 1×
“The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Quality of Life Questionnaire (EORTC-QLQ-C30 [+3]) (Aaronson et al, 1993; Osoba et al, 1997) and the Brain Cancer Module 20 (BCM20) (Osoba et al, 1996) questionnaires were used to measure HRQL. Questionnaires were administered on day 1…”
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“A 10-unit change on a 0–100 scale was deemed significant if it lasted for at least 8 weeks (Jaeschke et al, 1989; Juniper et al, 1994; King, 1996; Ware et al, 1998).”
Background(1994) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,156
Interpreting the significance of changes in health-related quality-of-life scores.
Osoba, D., Rodrigues, G., Myles, J., Zee, B. C.-Y., & Pater, J. L. (1998) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.1998.16.1.139 · Cited by 3,016 · cited 1×
“Meaning of changes in HRQL scores was addressed by the method of Osoba et al (1998).”
MethodSelf-citationFayers, P. M., Aaronson, N. K., Bjordal, K., Groenvold, M., Curran, D., & Bottomley, A. (2001) · Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) · Cited by 2,520
Determining a minimal important change in a disease-specific quality of life questionnaire
JUNIPER, E. (1994) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(94)90036-1 · Cited by 1,824 · cited 1×
“A 10-unit change on a 0–100 scale was deemed significant if it lasted for at least 8 weeks (Jaeschke et al, 1989; Juniper et al, 1994; King, 1996; Ware et al, 1998).”
The interpretation of scores from the EORTC quality of life questionnaire QLQ-C30
King, M. T. (1996) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/bf00439229 · Cited by 666
Phase I trial of temozolomide (CCRG 81045: M&B 39831: NSC 362856)
Newlands, E. S., Blackledge, G. R. P., Slack, J., Rustin, G. J. S., Smith, D., Stuart, N., Quarterman, C., Hoffman, R., Stevens, M. F. G., Brampton, M., et al. (1992) · British Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1038/bjc.1992.57 · Cited by 488 · cited 3×
“TMZ has notable antitumour activity against recurrent GBM, recurrent anaplastic astrocytoma, and advanced malignant melanoma, and other refractory cancers (Newlands et al, 1992, 1996; O’Reilly et al, 1993; Bleehen et al, 1995; Bower et al, 1997).”
BackgroundResultMayer, A., Takimoto, M., Fritz, E., Schellander, G., Kofler, K., & Ludwig, H. (1993) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19930415)71:8 · Cited by 407
Stevens, M. F. G., Hickman, J. A., Langdon, S. P., Chubb, D., Vickers, L. M., Stone, R., BAIG, G. U., Goddard, C. P., Gibson, N. W., & Slack, J. A. (1987) · PubMed · Cited by 387
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“Temozolomide, used in malignant gliomas and brain metastases is reported to cause headache in up to 25% of patients [14, 15].”
BackgroundAptamers for the diagnosis and treatment of human glial tumors
Zamay, T. N., Dymova, M. A., Аркадьевич, Н. А., Koshmanova, A. A., Сергеевич, Г. Д., Voronkovskii, I. I., Gorbushin, A. K., Kichkailo, A. S., Kuligina, E. V., Richter, V. A., et al. (2023) · Siberian Journal of Oncology · doi:10.21294/1814-4861-2023-22-5-105-117
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Borisov, K. E., Sakaeva, D., Borisov, K. E., & Sakayeva, D. D. (2011) · Russian Journal of Oncology · doi:10.17816/onco39836
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Pathology and treatment of primary and metastatic brain tumors
Newton, H. B., & Shroff, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15663-2.00029-8
Li, W., Wang, C., Lai, X., & Li, B. (2024) · doi:10.2196/preprints.67502
Treatment Strategies for Recurrent Glioblastoma
Kobayashi, K., & Nagane, M. (2024) · Japanese Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.7887/jcns.33.96
van den Bent, M. J., Brat, D. J., Dhermain, F. G., & Stummer, W. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/med/9780198869702.003.0004
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Kumar, M., Arora, D., Jahangir, M., & Taneja, Y. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-33319-4.00010-0
Antikonvulsive Therapie bei Patienten mit Gliomen
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Wu, Q., Qian, W., Sun, X., & Jiang, S. (2022) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.21301428
Central Neurotoxicity of Chemotherapy
López‐Gómez, L., Abalo, R., & Vera, G. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00775-9_345
Chemotherapy of pediatric high-grade gliomas
Bouffet, É., & Renzi, S. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27356-8.00041-3
Chemotherapy of high-grade astrocytomas: temozolomide
Phillips, K. A., & Schiff, D. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-27356-8.00048-6
Blonski, M. (2021) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/449078ddz0ec7z44c5z80f4zfcf91836c6d4
Hao, R., Jia, Q., Mao, X., Zhou, T., & Wang, W. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-026-48752-4
“…combined with radiotherapy, temozolomide prolongs median survival from 12.1 to 14.6 months and improves 5-year overall survival (9.8% in the combined treatment group versus 1.9% in the radiotherapy-alone group) 33,34 , and this combination regimen has thus been established as the standard of care.”
InfluentialBarbe-Richaud, J.-B., Cébula, H., Todeschi, J., Santin, M. D. N., Baloglu, S., Schött, R., Cotton, M., Blouet, A., Bobin, M., Noël, G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-026-05635-y
“Chemotherapy regimens based on irinotecan or lomustine combined with bevacizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), are commonly used [9, 10], as well as TMZ rechallenge [11].”
BUDS: Benchmark Uncertainty Design Selection for two-stage single-arm phase II trials
Irlmeier, R. T., Jin, Z., & Ye, F. (2026) · BMC Medical Research Methodology · doi:10.1186/s12874-026-02994-y
Tang, J.-B. (2010) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Poli, A. (2013) · NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives
Malignant Glioma: Chemotherapy Perspective
Stupp, R., & Cairncross, J. G. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-0-387-71070-9_18
“In a randomized phase II trial, TMZ administration after fi rst-line radiotherapy (± chemotherapy) was compared with procarbazine [ 26 ].”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Yung, W. K. A., Albright, R. E., Olson, J., Fredericks, R., Fink, K., Prados, M. D., Brada, M., Spence, A., Hohl, R. J., Shapiro, W., Glantz, M., Greenberg, H., Selker, R. G., Vick, N. A., Rampling, R., Friedman, H., Phillips, P., Bruner, J., Yue, N., Osoba, D., Zaknoen, S., & Levin, V. A.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center (US)
- Emory University (US)
- University of Mississippi Medical Center (US)
- The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics (US)
- Barrow Neurological Institute (US)
- Memorial Hospital of Rhode Island (US)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Western Pennsylvania Hospital (US)
- Evanston Hospital (US)
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre (GB)
- Duke University (US)
- BC Cancer Agency (CA)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Venue
- British Journal of Cancer
- Published
- 2000-09
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 588-593
- ISSN
- 0007-0920 (ISSN-L)
- 1532-1827
- PMC
- PMC2363506
- OpenAlex
- W1977392502
- Cited by
- 929
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 27 · 2017: 23 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 50
- FWCI
- 21.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- British Journal of Cancer (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › PARP inhibition in cancer therapy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
- Keywords
- temozolomide, procarbazine, glioblastoma, first relapse, progression-free survival, overall survival, health-related quality of life, alkylating agents, oral chemotherapy, treatment safety
- MeSH terms
- Temozolomide, Adult, Aged, Antineoplastic Agents, Brain Neoplasms, Dacarbazine, Female, Glioblastoma, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Procarbazine, Prognosis, Quality of Life, Recurrence, Time Factors, Gliosarcoma, Disease-Free Survival, Antineoplastic Agents, Alkylating
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