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The Development of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Children from the Age of 1 Through 15 Years – Paroxysmal activity
Abstract
In cases of 1 through 15 year-old normal children the occurrence of paroxysmal activity with the exception of the 14 and 6 Hz positive spike phenomenon was studied. The children were considered normal as a result of 1 : strict selection after thorough penetration of obstetric history, mental and physical development, diseases and injuries involving the CNS, and past and present behavior so as to exclude neurological and physical disorders; 2 : physical examination to exclude actual somatic and neurological aberrations, and at the same time 3 : routine observation to reveal overt psycho-pathology. The material comprised 743 children with successful records at rest. Hyperventilation was performed with 82.6 per cent; intermittent photic stimulation with 81.4 per cent; and sleep, either spontaneous or barbiturate-induced, with 80.5 per cent of the children. Paroxysmal activity at rest was found in 2.7 per cent (focal spikes or sharp waves: 1.9 per cent; focal spikelike activity: 0.5 per cent; paroxysmal slow activity: 0.3 per cent). During hyperventilation paroxysmal activity was noticed in 0.3 per cent, during intermittent photic stimulation in 9.1 per cent (8.3% if equivocal responses are excluded), and during drowsiness and sleep in 8.7 per cent (8.1% if equivocal activity is excluded). Under 10 years of age there was a prevalence for paroxysmal activities appearing during drowsiness and sleep, while from 10 years onwards, the prevalence was for paroxysmal responses to intermittent photic stimulation. A statistically significant positive correlation between age and paroxysmal responses to intermittent photic stimulation for girls was found. As regards bilateral synchronous paroxysmal activity during drowsiness and sleep, there was a statistically significant curvilinear correlation to age with preponderance for lower ages. In girls the incidence of paroxysmal responses to intermittent photic stimulation was significantly higher than in boys. The total amount of paroxysmal effects were 130 distributed amongst 109 children or 14.7 per cent of the material. There was no significant age or sex differences. A psychomotor variant pattern was found in 6 children (0.8 per cent) and 6 Hz spike-and-wave discharge in 1 child (0.1 per cent). The pathophysiology of the paroxysmal phenomena is discussed. The results of this investigation suggest that maturational factors are responsible for the occurrence of paroxysmal effects, which possibly have a subcortical origin. A longitudinal study, however, would be necessary to either confirm this hypothesis or to show other root causes. Zusammenfassung Bei normalen Kindern von 1 bis 15 Jahren wurde das Auftreten paroxysmaler EEG-Aktivität unter Ausschluß der 14 und 6/sec positiven spikes untersucht. Für die Auswahl normaler Kinder wurden folgende Kriterien herangezogen: 1. Einwandfreie Anamnese im Hinblick auf perinatale Gegebenheiten, geistige und körperliche Entwicklung, Erkrankungen und Verletzungen des Zentralnervensystems und Verhalten vor und während der Untersuchung; 2. normales Ergebnis der internen und neurologischen klinischen Untersuchung; 3. normale psychologische Befunde bei der routinemäßigen Beobachtung. Für die Untersuchung wurden die Ergebnisse von 743 Kindern verwendet, bei denen einwandfreie Ruheableitungen erzielt werden konnten. Bei 82,6% dieser Kinder wurde zusätzlich Hyperventilation, bei 81,4 % Photostimulation durchgeführt. 80,5% der Kinder konnten im spontanen oder durch Barbiturate induzierten Schlaf untersucht werden. Paroxysmale Aktivität im Ruhe-EEG fand sich bei 2,7% (fokale spikes oder sharp waves: 1,9%; fokale spike-artige Aktivität: 0,5%; paroxysmale langsame Wellen: 0.3%). Paroxysmale Aktivität während Hyperventilation wurde bei 0,3% beobachtet, bei 9,1% wurde eine solche Aktivität durch Photostimulation ausgelöst (wenn fragliche Reaktionen nicht in Betracht gezogen werden, beträgt die Zahl 8,3%). 8,7% (bei Ausschluß fraglicher Aktivität 8,1%) zeigten paroxysmale Aktivität während Müdigkeit und Schlaf. In der Altersgruppe unter 10 Jahren war die durch Müdigkeit und Schlaf ausgelöste paroxysmale Aktivität am häufigsten, während jenseits des 10. Lebensjahres häufiger die Photostimulation solche Reaktionen auslöste. Eine statistisch signifikante positive Korrelation zwischen dem Alter und dem Auftreten paroxysmaler Reaktionen bei intermittierender Photostimulation fand sich bei Mädchen. Im Hinblick auf bilateral synchrone paroxysmale Aktivität während Müdigkeit und Schlaf bestand eine statistisch signifikante curvilineare Korrelation mit dem Lebensalter, vor allem für die jüngeren Altersstufen. Insgesamt wurden 130 paroxysmale Effekte bei 109 (= 14,7%) der untersuchten Kinder gefunden. Eine signifikante Geschlechtsspezifität bestand nicht. Ein psychomotor - variant - Muster fand sich bei 6 Kindern (0,8%), 6/sec spike-wave-Entladungen bei einem Kind (0,1%). Die Pathophysiologie der paroxysmalen Phänomene wird besprochen. Aufgrund unserer Untersuch
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Citations
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Clarke, A. R., Barry, R. J., McCarthy, R., & Selikowitz, M. (2001) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/s1388-2457(01)00488-6 · Cited by 407
The Visual Scoring of Sleep and Arousal in Infants and Children
Grigg-Damberger, M., Gozal, D., Marcus, C. L., Quan, S. F., Rosen, C. L., Chervin, R. D., Wise, M., Picchietti, D. L., Sheldon, S. H., & Iber, C. (2007) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.26819 · Cited by 361
Wirrell, E. C., Nabbout, R., Scheffer, I. E., Alsaadi, T., Bogacz, A., French, J. A., Hirsch, E., Jain, S., Kaneko, S., Riney, K., et al. (2022) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.17237 · Cited by 296
Metadata
- Authors
- Eeg-Olofsson, O., Petersén, I., & Selldén, U.
- Venue
- Neuropediatrics
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1971-04
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 375-404
- ISSN
- 0174-304X (ISSN-L)
- 1439-1899
- OpenAlex
- W1985885181
- Cited by
- 434
- References
- 0
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
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- Eeg-Olofsson, O., Petersén, I., & Selldén, U. (1971). The Development of the Electroencephalogram in Normal Children from the Age of 1 Through 15 Years – Paroxysmal activity. Neuropediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1091791
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