High-Intensity Re-Warm-Ups Enhance Soccer Performance
Abstract
The effects of high-intensity, short-duration, re-warm-ups on team-sport-related performance were investigated. In a randomised, cross-over study, participants performed 2×26-min periods of an intermittent activity protocol (IAP) on a non-motorized treadmill, interspersed by 15-min of passive recovery (CON); 3-min small-sided game (SSG); or a 5RM leg-press. Measures included counter-movement jump, repeated-sprint, the Loughborough soccer passing test (LSPT), blood lactate concentration, heart-rate, and perceptual measures. Data were analyzed using effect size (90% confidence intervals), and percentage change; determining magnitudes of effects. A 5RM re-warm-up improved flight-time to contraction-time ratio when compared to SSG (9.8%, ES; 0.5±0.3) and CON (ES: 9.4%, 0.7±0.5) re-warm-ups, remaining higher following the second IAP (8.8%, ES; 0.5±0.3 and 10.2%, ES; 0.6±0.6, respectively). Relative-maximum rate-of-force development was greater in the 5RM condition following the second IAP compared to SSG (29.3%, ES; 0.7±0.5) and CON (16.2%, ES; 0.6±0.6). Repeated-sprint ability during the second IAP improved in the 5RM re-warm-up; peak velocity, mean velocity, and acceleration were 4, 3, and 18% greater, respectively. Within groups, the SSG re-warm-up improved LSPT performance post-intervention; 6.4% (ES: 0.6±0.8) and following the second IAP 6.2% (ES: 0.6±0.6), compared to pre-intervention. A 5RM leg-press re-warm-up improved physical performance, while a SSG re-warm-up enhanced skill execution following standardized intermittent exercise.
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Muscular performance can be acutely enhanced by a preload stimulus.
“a large body of research supports that muscular performance can be acutely enhanced by a preload stimulus 30”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
The majority of studies examining PAP have employed heavy (75-95% 1RM) resistance exercise as the preload stimulus.
“The majority of studies examining the PAP phenomenon have employed heavy (i.e., 75-95% 1RM) resistance exercise as the preload stimulus 30 .”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
A recent meta-analysis confirmed that PAP effects peak around eight minutes of recovery.
“a finding which has since been confirmed by a recent meta-analysis 30 .”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
Explosive lower body power production is consistently compromised immediately after a heavy resistance preload stimulus.
“From studies where a heavy resistance exercise has been used to induce PAP, explosive lower body power production is consistently compromised immediately after the preload stimulus 30 .”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
A transient reduction in performance is commonly observed in the immediate period (<3 min) following a preload stimulus.
“a transient reduction in performance is commonly observed in the immediate period (i.e., <3 min) following the preload stimulus 30”
From Half-time strategies to enhance second-half performance in team-sports players: A review and recommendations (2015) · cites this paper as [30]
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“More recently, a re-warm-up phase including five-repetition leg-press exercise was shown to improve subsequent RS performance during an intermittent teamsport activity (Zois et al., 2013).”
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“[5], skilled performance during an isolated technical assessment has also been reported to be maintained when small-sided games incorporating skilled actions are performed during a simulated half-time break [30].”
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“However, several hypotheses have been suggested, including tactical aspects, accumulated fatigue, half-time length, ambient temperature, and lack of physical preparation prior to the second half (Mohr et al., 2004; Mugglestone et al., 2013; Zois et al., 2013).”
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Self-citationThe Loughborough Soccer Passing Test has impractical criterion validity in elite youth football
Serpiello, F. R., Cox, A., Oppici, L., Hopkins, W. G., & Varley, M. C. (2016) · Science and Medicine in Football · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1254810 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…(Rampinini et al. 2008; Smith et al. 2015), nutritional interventions (Ali & Williams 2009; Owen et al. 2013; Andrade-Souza et al. 2015), warm-up (Zois et al. 2013), and CONTACT F. R. Serpiello Fabio.Serpiello@vu.edu.au © 2016 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group different…”
BackgroundHills, S. P., Barrett, S., Feltbower, R. G., Barwood, M. J., Radcliffe, J. N., Cooke, C. B., Kilduff, L. P., Cook, C. J., & Russell, M. A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0211563 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
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“with the results of rest interval and previous studies (Fukutani et al., 2014; Zois et al., 2013).”
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“…warm-up on performance are well established, particularly for high-intensity performance skills (McGowan et al., 2015; Silva et al., 2018) such as countermovement vertical jumps (Crowther et al., 2017; Galazoulas et al., 2012; Zois et al., 2013) and sprints (Meckel et al., 2009; Mohr et al., 2004).”
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“…used in this study has advantages in terms of both performance and applicability compared to the RW protocols used in the previous study (i.e., duration: 3–7 min, required equipment: machines for whole body vibration or leg press; Lovell et al., 2013; Zois et al., 2013; Fashioni et al., 2020).”
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“The exercise protocol (Figure 2) was designed to mimic the running profile of team-sport athletes (Sirotic & Coutts 2008; Zois et al. 2013).”
The Efficacy of Re-Warm-Up Practices during Half-Time: A Systematic Review
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“Two studies evaluated lower body muscular strength in the second exercise phase [16,22].”
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“These findings are in line with the results shown by other research groups in which the authors described that running at 70% HRmax (Zois et al., 2013) and after a series of jumps improved performance compared to traditional rest (Abade et al., 2017).”
ResultVariations in Hypoxia Impairs Muscle Oxygenation and Performance during Simulated Team-Sport Running
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“90% of VO2max or a 5-repetition maximal leg press) (Zois et al., 2013).”
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“This finding is in contrast to previous studies in the scientific literature, since CMJ was enhanced prior to the game [14] and following half-time [11,12].”
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“On the contrary, other authors have reported that performing lower-body strength exercises during HT could effectively improve vertical jump height in soccer players (Zois et al., 2013).”
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“Previous research has incorporated re-warm-up PAPE strategies to maintain performance enhancements over an extended period (Zois et al., 2013).”
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“The highest velocity obtained in a single second from the three sprints was the result (Zois et al. 2013).”
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- Authors
- Zois, J., Bishop, D., Fairweather, I., Ball, K., & Aughey, R.
- Affiliations
- Victoria University (AU)
- Venue
- International Journal of Sports Medicine
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2013-02-26
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 09
- Pages
- 800-805
- ISSN
- 0172-4622 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-3964
- OpenAlex
- W1984036179
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 4.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- International Journal of Sports Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Victoria University Research Repository (Victoria University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports injuries and prevention
- Keywords
- soccer performance, small-sided games, repeated sprint ability, rate of force development, countermovement jump, Loughborough Soccer Passing Test, blood lactate, heart rate, skill execution, team sports
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Running, Soccer, Cross-Over Studies, Lactic Acid, Athletic Performance, Young Adult, Warm-Up Exercise
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