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Plasma β-Endorphin, Corticotrophin and Growth Hormone Responses to Exercise in Pubertal and Prepubertal Children
Abstract
An increase in plasma beta-endorphin concentrations during exercise has been reported in adult men and women by several investigators. However, very little is known about this physiological hormonal response to exercise in children. In this study, we investigated plasma beta-endorphin, ACTH and GH responses to exercise in 40 prepubertal and pubertal children. Subjects were recruited as part of a population of children and adolescents presenting growth retardation and were selected on the basis of the absence of any clinical or biological signs of endocrine or metabolic disease. There were 16 girls and 24 boys with 24 prepubertal and 16 pubertal individuals. A standardised 15 min workload on cycloergometer was used to progressively increase the heart rate of the children up to 90% of the theoretical maximal value. Exercise resulted in a significant increase (p < 0.01) in plasma beta-endorphin (mean +/- SEM) (4.26 +/- 0.47 vs 5.74 +/- 0.56 fmol/ml), ACTH (3.71 +/- 0.41 vs 6.2 +/- 0.62 fmol/ml) and GH (147 +/- 29 vs 364 +/- 67 fmol/ml). The percentage of children with significant hormonal response to exercise was about 75% for each of the 3 hormones but only 3 of the 40 children studied did not show any hormonal response to exercise. Exercise-induced increases in plasma beta-endorphin and ACTH were significantly correlated (p < 0.01). By contrast, there was no significant relationship between GH and beta-endorphin or ACTH values. Furthermore, whereas exercise-induced plasma GH increase was significantly higher in pubertal than in prepubertal children (p < 0.001), corresponding beta-endorphin and ACTH levels were quite similar in the two groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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There is little empirical evidence to support the assertion that physical activity leads to endorphin release easing pain and producing euphoria in adults or children.
“However, there is little empirical evidence to support this assertion in adults 14 or children. 23”
From Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms (2016) · cites this paper as [23]
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Physical Activity for Cognitive and Mental Health in Youth: A Systematic Review of Mechanisms
Lubans, D., Richards, J., Hillman, C., Faulkner, G., Beauchamp, M., Nilsson, M., Kelly, P., Smith, J., Raine, L., & Biddle, S. (2016) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.2016-1642 · Cited by 1,548
Puberty : ontogeny, neuroendocrinology, physiology, and disorders
Styne, D. M., Grumbach, M. M., Dennis, M., Styne, J., & Melvin, M. N. (1998) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-2911-3.50026-1 · Cited by 546
Cerebral perturbations provoked by prolonged exercise
Nybo, L., & Secher, N. H. (2004) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2004.03.005 · Cited by 398
“Some researchers (Carr et al., 1981; Bullen et al., 1984; Kraemer et al., 1989, 1990; Bouix et al., 1994; Harte et al., 1995) have addressed the influence of the hormones from the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis (corticotropin-releasing hormone, -endorphins, cortisol, etc.) by obtaining…”
BackgroundMetabolic and Hormonal Responses to Exercise in Children and Adolescents
Boisseau, N., & Delamarche, P. (2000) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200030060-00003 · Cited by 258
Critical Periods in the Development of Performance Capacity During Childhood and Adolescence
Viru, A., Loko, J., Harro, M., Volver, A., Laaneots, L., & Viru, M. (1999) · Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy · doi:10.1080/1740898990040106 · Cited by 217
Growth and development of male gymnasts, swimmers, soccer and tennis players: A longitudinal study
Baxter-Jones, A. D. G., Helms, P. J. B., Maffulli, N., Baines-Preece, J. C., & Preece, M. A. (1995) · Annals of Human Biology · doi:10.1080/03014469500004072 · Cited by 181
Endogenous Anabolic Hormone Responses to Endurance Versus Resistance Exercise and Training in Women
Consitt, L. A., Copeland, J. L., & Tremblay, M. S. (2002) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200232010-00001 · Cited by 124
“Children demonstrate a significant growth hormone response to short-term exercise; however, the peak growth hormone response increases as pubertal development increases.[41,42] There is very little information available on the impact of long-term exercise training on the endocrine physiology of children and adolescent…”
BackgroundThe endocrine response and substrate utilization during exercise in children and adolescents
Riddell, M. C. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00031.2008 · Cited by 111
Jenkins, P. J. (1999) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2265.1999.00784.x · Cited by 85
“In common with its basal release, the GH response to exercise is more pronounced in pubertal than prepubertal children (Bouix et al., 1994) and, as it is a simple and safe stimulus to GH release, its use as a clinical screening test for GH deficiency has been investigated.”
BackgroundNíveis de beta-endorfina em resposta ao exercício e no sobretreinamento
Cunha, G. D. S., Ribeiro, J. L., & Reischak-Oliveira, Á. (2008) · Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia & Metabologia · doi:10.1590/s0004-27302008000400004 · Cited by 49
Growth hormone and exercise: Physiology, use and abuse
Jenkins, P. J. (2001) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/s1096-6374(01)80012-5 · Cited by 47
Exercise-induced hormone responses in girls at different stages of sexual maturation
Viru, A., Laaneots, L., Karelson, K., Smirnova, T., & Viru, M. (1998) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s004210050351 · Cited by 36
“In accordance with this, several studies have indicated that in pubertal and postpubertal teenagers the blood growth hormone concentration increases during exercise to higher levels than in prepubertal children (Wirth et al. 1978; Bouix et al. 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPaltoglou, G., Fatouros, I. G., Valsamakis, G., Schoina, M., Avloniti, A. A., Chatzinikolaou, A., Kambas, A., Draganidis, D., Mantzou, A., Papagianni, M., et al. (2015) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2015.85 · Cited by 33
Effects of exercise combined with diet therapy on protein utilization in obese children
Ebbeling, C. B., & Rodriguez, N. R. (1999) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-199903000-00005 · Cited by 30
Depressive symptoms, sleep patterns, and physical activity in adolescents with narcolepsy
Parmar, A., Yeh, E. A., Korczak, D. J., Weiss, S. K., Lu, Z., Zweerink, A., Toulany, A., Murray, B. J., & Narang, I. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz111 · Cited by 29
Bouix, O., Brun, J. ‐., Fédou, C., et al. (1997) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/s0765-1597(97)80068-8 · Cited by 21
Self-citationStyne, D. M., & Grumbach, M. M. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50078-0 · Cited by 27
Jansson, D., Lindberg, A.-S., Lundberg, E., et al. (2022) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-022-00471-6 · Cited by 19
Balikcioglu, P. G., Ramaker, M. E., Mason, K. A., Huffman, K. M., Johnson, J. L., Ilkayeva, O., Muehlbauer, M. J., Freemark, M., & Kraus, W. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2021.721354 · Cited by 15
“In our study IGF-1 and IGFBP3 levels did not change in response to acute exercise, consistent with earlier studies in pre-pubertal and pubertal children (9, 44, 45).”
ResultThe Treadmill Exhausting Test Is Not Suitable for Screening of Growth Hormone Deficiency!
Donaubauer, J., Kratzsch, J., Fritzsch, C., et al. (2001) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000049985 · Cited by 13
Advocating neuroimaging studies of transmitter release in human physical exercise challenges studies
Boecker, H. (2010) · Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.2147/oajsm.s12054 · Cited by 12
Growth, Maturation and Hormonal Changes During Puberty: Influence of Sport Training
Roemmich, J. N. (2005) · doi:10.1002/9780470757826.ch34 · Cited by 8
Learning from children: the emergence of pediatric exercise science
Rowland, T., & Saltin, B. (2008) · Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.90624.2008 · Cited by 7
“Plasma -endorphin, corticotrophin, and ACTH all increase proportional to the exercise intensity similarly in pubertal and pre pubertal adolescents, whereas the GH response is higher in pubertal vs. prepubertal adolescents in some ( 12 ) but not all (26) studies.”
BackgroundDotan, R. (2025) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-025-05778-2 · Cited by 4
“…the one hand, the GH response to exercise was shown to be more than fivefold greater in pubertal boys and girls than in their prepubertal counterparts (Bouix et al. 1994), and GH suppression (in rats) had the effect of nearly eliminating various endurance-training responses (Zanconato et al. 1994).”
Endocrine Responses to Acute and Chronic Exercise in the Developing Child
Rubin, D., Tufano, J., & McMurray, R. (2020) · Endocrinology of Physical Activity and Sport · doi:10.1007/978-1-62703-314-5_22 · Cited by 2
Endocrine Responses to Acute and Chronic Exercise in the Developing Child
Rubin, D. A. (2020) · Contemporary Endocrinology · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-33376-8_22 · Cited by 2
Moss, H. B., & Yao, J. K. (1997) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/s0376-8716(97)00128-2 · Cited by 2
“On the other hand, two groups have reported essentially no difference in plasma b-endorphin concentrations in prepubertal versus pubertal children suggesting that this developmental milestone may not be a confounding factor (Herman et al., 1988; Bouix et al., 1994).”
BackgroundInvestigation of Beta Endorphin Changes After Bruce Test in Active and Sedentary Individuals
Hanachi, P., Nazarali, P., & Ciyabi, R. (2012) · Advances in Physical Education · doi:10.4236/ape.2012.23018 · Cited by 1
“Many studies have examined the relationship between exercise and endorphin release, studying the role of these peptides in exercise induce euphoria as well as the reduction of pain (Farrel, 1998; Bouix et al., 1993; Fry et al., 1997).”
BackgroundExercise and the Developing Child
Sundaresan, S. M., Roemmich, J. N., & Rogol, A. D. (2000) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-59259-016-2_17
during exercise in children and adolescents The endocrine response and substrate utilization
Riddell, M. C., Inskip, H. M., Cooper, C. C., Wareham, N. J., Ekelund, U., Collings, P. J., Brage, S., Ridgway, C. L., Harvey, N. C., Armstrong, N., et al. (2015)
Mental Health, Sleep, Physical Activity and Family Functioning in Adolescents with Narcolepsy
Parmar, A. (2018) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Metadata
- Authors
- Bouix, O., Brun, J., Fédou, C., Raynaud, E., Kerdélhué, B., Lenoir, V., & Orsetti, A.
- Affiliations
- Université de Montpellier (FR)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Hormone and Metabolic Research
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1994-04
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 195-199
- ISSN
- 0018-5043 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-4286
- OpenAlex
- W1979016299
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Hormone and Metabolic Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- beta-endorphin, ACTH, growth hormone, physical activity, puberty, prepubertal children, growth retardation, hormonal response to exercise, children
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adrenocorticotropic Hormone, beta-Endorphin, Child, Exercise Test, Female, Growth Disorders, Humans, Male, Puberty, Growth Hormone, Exercise
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