The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Course of the Manic-Depressive Cycle and Changes Caused by Treatments
Abstract
The course of 434 bipolar patients (256 women, 178 men) was studied longitudinally. The prevailing patterns of the manic-depressive cycles at the end of the observation time were: mania followed by depression (usually mild), 28%; depression followed by mania (usually hypomania), 25%; and continuous circular course, with long cycles, 19%, or with short (rapid) cycles, 20%. The cycles followed an irregular pattern in 8% of the patients. As to the intensity of the episodes, 52% of the patients had severe depressions and hypomanias; 26% had severe manias and mild depressions; and 22% had severe depressions and severe manias. No significant sex differences was found regarding the patterns of the cycles or the intensity of the episodes, except among the rapid cyclers, where women (61) outnumbered men (26). With time the course tended to change from monopolar to bipolar, and the frequency of recurrence increased. Concurrent treatments, especially antidepressants, contributed to these changes, while female sex, middle age and menopause, along with antidepressant drugs, contributed to the establishment of rapid cyclicity. The depression-hypomania course was the one which was most prone to rapid cyclicity. Response to lithium prophylaxis was good in the maniadepression-free interval course, in the continuous circular course with long cycles, and in the irregular course. It was less good in the depression-mania-free interval course, where it increased the frequency of recurrences, although these were shorter and milder. Response was very poor in the rapid cycling course. But rapid cyclers and patients with the depressionmania-free interval course responded well to lithium when antidepressant drugs were not administered during the depressions. Zusammenfassung Der Verlauf der manisch-depressiven Zyklen bei 434 Patienten (256 Frauen, 178 Männer) wurde longitudinal untersucht. Die am Ende der Beobachtungszeit überwiegenden Verlaufsarten der manisch-depressiven Zyklen waren: Manie mit nachfolgender Depression (meist mild), 28%; Depression mit nachfolgender Manie (meist Hypomanie), 25%; kontinuierlich zyklischer Verlauf mit langen Zyklen, 19%; oder mit kurzen (schnellen) Zyklen, 20%. 8% der Patienten hatten Zyklen mit unregelmäßiger Verlaufsart. Hinsichtlich der Intensität der Episoden wurden folgende Beobachtungen gemacht: 52% der Patienten hatten schwere Depressionen und Hypomanien: 26% hatten schwere Manien und leichte Depressionen; 22% hatten schwere Depressionen und schwere Manien. Bei den Verlaufsarten der Zyklen oder der Intensität der Episoden gab es keine signifikanten geschlechtsspezifischen Unterschiede, mit Ausnahme der Patienten mit schnellen Zyklen, bei denen die Frauen (61) zahlenmäßig stärker vertreten waren als die Männer (26). Mit der Zeit bestand eine Tendenz zur Veränderung von monopolar nach bipolar und zu einer Zunahme der Häufigkeit von Rezidiven. Gleichzeitig vorgenommene Behandlungen, insbesondere mit Antidepressiva, trugen zu solchen Veränderungen bei, während das Auftreten rascher Zyklen häufiger beobachtet wurde bei Frauen, bei Patienten mittleren Alters und in der Menopause sowie bei gleichzeitiger Verabreichung von Antidepressiva. Die durch die Aufeinanderfolge von Depression und Hypomanie gekennzeichnete Verlaufsart tendierte am meisten zur Verkürzung und schnellerem Wechsel. Während des Krankheitsverlaufs mit aufeinanderfolgender Manie, Depression und freiem Intervall sprachen die Patienten gut auf Lithiumprophylaxe an, ebenso bei kontinuierlicher Verlaufsart mit langen Zyklen und bei irregulärem Verlauf. Das Ansprechen der Patienten war weniger deutlich ausgeprägt bei der Verlaufsart mit aufeinanderfolgender Depression, Manie und freiem Intervall, bei der die Häufigkeit von Rezidiven erhöht war, obwohl diese kürzer und milder verliefen. Sehr gering war das Ansprechen bei der schnellen zyklischen Verlaufsform. Die Patienten mit schnellen Zyklen und solche mit der Verlaufsart Depression, Manie, Intervall sprachen jedoch gut auf Lithium an, wenn während der depressiven Phasen keine Antidepressiva verabreicht wurden.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In the early 1980s, Koukopulos et al. observed how treatment by AD may change course from unipolar to bipolar illness.”
From May antidepressant drugs worsen the conditions they are supposed to treat? The clinical foundations of the oppositional model of tolerance (2020) · cites this paper as [35]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–300 of 438
Prevalence and outcomes of rapid cycling bipolar disorder: Mixed method systematic meta-review
Miola, A., Fountoulakis, K. Ν., Baldessarini, R. J., Veldić, M., Solmi, M., Rasgon, N., Özerdem, A., Perugi, G., Frye, M. A., & Preti, A. (2023) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.06.021 · Cited by 34
Dacquino, C., Rossi, P. D., & Spalletta, G. (2015) · Clinica Chimica Acta · doi:10.1016/j.cca.2015.02.029 · Cited by 38
Wang, Z., Gao, K., Kemp, D. E., Chan, P. K., Serrano, M. B., Conroy, C. M., Fang, Y., Ganocy, S. J., Findling, R. L., & Calabrese, J. R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 34
Subsyndromal Mood Symptoms: A Useful Concept for Maintenance Studies of Bipolar Disorder?
Bauer, M., Glenn, T., Grof, P., Schmid, R., Pfennig, A., & Whybrow, P. C. (2009) · Psychopathology · doi:10.1159/000255957 · Cited by 35
Strategies for preventing the recurrence of bipolar disorder.
Ghaemi, S. N., Pardo, T. B., & Hsu, D. J. (2004) · PubMed · Cited by 34
Divalproate augmentation in lithium-resistant rapid cycling mania in four geriatric patients
Schneider, A. L., & Wilcox, C. S. (1998) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(97)00157-2 · Cited by 33
Lithium Therapy: Limitations and Alternatives in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorders
Calabrese, J. R., & Woyshville, M. J. (1995) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10401239509149036 · Cited by 34
Holding On: Depression, Sensitization by Antidepressant Drugs, and the Prodigal Experts
Fava, G. A. (2010) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000288992 · Cited by 33
Treatment emergent affective switch: a controlled study
Tamada, R., Issler, C., Amaral, J. R., et al. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00124.x · Cited by 33
Memantine: New prospective in bipolar disorder treatment
Serra, G. (2014) · World Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.5498/wjp.v4.i4.80 · Cited by 33
Self-citationAtypical antipsychotics in the treatment of mood disorders
Vieta, E. (2003) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/00001504-200301000-00006 · Cited by 33
Antidepressant‐associated mania in late life
Young, R. C., Jain, H., Kiosses, D. N., & Meyers, B. S. (2003) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.855 · Cited by 32
Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder
Calabrese, J. R., RAPPORT, D. J., Findling, R. L., Shelton, M. D., & Kimmel, S. E. (2000) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/0-306-47521-9_4 · Cited by 35
“of Koukopoulos et al., the patients who relapsed into depression responded to lithium, but only after the discontinuation of antidepressant medications. Tondo and colleagues (1998) have also reported on the effect of lithium”
BackgroundInfluentialClozapine as Add-On Medication in the Maintenance Treatment of Bipolar and Schizoaffective Disorders
Hummel, B., Dittmann, S., Forsthoff, A., et al. (2002) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000049260 · Cited by 31
Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder
Elhaj, O., & Calabrese, J. R. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544019.004 · Cited by 31
Schreiber, G., & Avissar, S. (1991) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/0306-9877(91)90239-u · Cited by 30
Switch from depression to mania, or from mania to depression
Angst, J. (1987) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988118700100104 · Cited by 30
Novel antipsychotics in bipolar and schizoaffective mania
Mensink, G. J. R., & Slooff, C. J. (2004) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0047.2004.00295.x · Cited by 31
“In addition, conventional antipsychotics may negatively influence the course of the illness by inducing (post-mania) depression and rapid cycling (15).”
BackgroundElectroconvulsive Therapy in Bipolar Disorder Depression
Keßler, U. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623175.005 · Cited by 29
Long-Term Worsening of Bipolar Disorder Related with Frequency of Antidepressant Exposure
Strejilevich, S., Martino, D. J., Marengo, E. B., Igoa, A., Fassi, G., Whitham, E. A., & Ghaemi, S. N. (2011) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371102300305 · Cited by 29
Combined valproate and carbamazepine treatment of bipolar disorder
Keck, P. E., McElroy, S. L., Vuckovic, A., et al. (1992) · Journal of Neuropsychiatry · doi:10.1176/jnp.4.3.319 · Cited by 29
Validity of rapid cycling as a modifier for bipolar disorder in DSM‐IV
Bauer, M. S., & Brow, P. C. W. (1993) · Depression · doi:10.1002/depr.3050010104 · Cited by 29
Marsh, W., Ketter, T. A., & Rasgon, N. (2009) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2008.11.003 · Cited by 31
“To date, however, there are only limited data available describing the course of bipolar disorder in women experiencing the menopausal transition (Blehar et al., 1998; Freeman et al., 2002; Kukopulos et al., 1980; Marsh et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDrug-induced rapid cycling: possible outcomes and management
Oppenheim, G. (1982) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.139.7.939 · Cited by 28
Progression of female reproductive stages associated with bipolar illness exacerbation
Marsh, W. K., Ketter, T. A., Crawford, S. L., Johnson, J. V., Kroll‐Desrosiers, A. R., & Rothschild, A. J. (2012) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2012.01026.x · Cited by 27
The course of a seasonal bipolar disorder influenced by caffeine
Tondo, L., & Rudas, N. (1991) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/0165-0327(91)90071-y · Cited by 27
Self-citationIssues in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Kasper, S. F. (2003) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(03)00076-2 · Cited by 26
Akiskal, H. S. (1988) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-73546-2_9 · Cited by 27
Differential Treatment of Bipolar Disorder with Old and New Antiepileptic Drugs
Walden, J., Normann, C., Langosch, J. M., Berger, T., & Grunze, H. (1998) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000026534 · Cited by 27
Conus, P., Berk, M., Cotton, S., Kader, L. F., Macneil, C. A., Hasty, M. K., Hallam, K. T., Lambert, M., Murphy, B., & McGorry, P. D. (2015) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2015.09.009 · Cited by 26
Anticonvulsant Use in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Leo, R. J., & Narendran, R. (1999) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v01n0304 · Cited by 26
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Rapid-Cycling Bipolar Disorder: A Pilot Study
Reilly-Harrington, N. A., Deckersbach, T., Knauz, R. O., Wu, Y. P., Tran, T. B., Eidelman, P., Lund, H. G., Sachs, G. S., & Nierenberg, A. A. (2007) · Journal of Psychiatric Practice · doi:10.1097/01.pra.0000290667.02484.3d · Cited by 25
“CGI severity ratings range from “normal” (1) to “extremely severe illness” (7), with “borderline mentally ill” (2), “mildly ill” (3), “moderately ill” (4), “markedly ill” (5), and “severely ill” (6) serving as intermediate steps.”
MethodContinuation and Maintenance Pharmacotherapy for Unipolar and Bipolar Mood Disorders
Solomon, D. A., & Bauer, M. S. (1993) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30163-1 · Cited by 25
Early improvement with lithium in classic mania and its association with later response
Machado‐Vieira, R., Luckenbaugh, D. A., Soeiro‐de‐Souza, M. G., Marca, G., Henter, I. D., Busnello, J. V., Gattaz, W. F., & Zarate, C. A. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.05.039 · Cited by 25
Gender Differences in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Leibenluft, E. (1999) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852900012335 · Cited by 25
Continuation and prophylactic treatment of bipolar disorder.
Sharma, V., Yatham, L. N., Haslam, D. R. S., Silverstone, P. H., Parikh, S. V., Matte, R., Kutcher, S., & Kusumakar, V. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 24
Rapid cycling bipolar disorder: historical overview and focus on emerging treatments
Mackin, P., & Young, A. H. (2004) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1111/j.1399-5618.2004.00156.x · Cited by 26
Affective disorders and S-adenosylmethionine: a new hypothesis
Cantoni, G. L., Mudd, S. H., & Andreoli, V. M. (1989) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/0166-2236(89)90038-6 · Cited by 24
The search for the wandering thymostat: a review of some developments in bipolar disorder research
Ferrier, I. N., MacMillan, I. C., & Young, A. H. (2001) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.178.41.s103 · Cited by 23
Potential Sensitising Effects of Antidepressant Drugs on Depression
Fava, G. A. (1999) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-199912040-00001 · Cited by 23
Simonetti, A., Luciano, M., Sampogna, G., Rocca, B. D., Mancuso, E., Fazio, P. D., Nicola, M. D., Lorenzo, G. D., Pepe, M., Sambataro, F., et al. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.04.130 · Cited by 24
Characteristics of rapid cycling in 1261 bipolar disorder patients
Miola, A., Tondo, L., Pinna, M., Contu, M., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2023) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-023-00300-z · Cited by 26
Self-citationKao, C.-F., Chen, H., Chen, H., Yang, J.-H., Huang, M., Chiu, Y.-H., Lin, S., Lee, Y., Liu, C., Chuang, L.-C., et al. (2016) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1093/ijnp/pyw064 · Cited by 24
“The 2 subtypes demonstrated quite different clinical features, such as episode frequency, comorbidity, family history, etc. (Kukopulos et al., 1980; Coryell et al., 1984; Savino et al., 1993; Pini et al., 1997).”
BackgroundKurita, M., Nishino, S., Numata, Y., Okubo, Y., & Sato, T. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100634 · Cited by 22
“Antipsychotics can induce depression or EPS in bipolar manic patients [9,10,11].”
BackgroundPersonalized and precision medicine as informants for treatment management of bipolar disorder
Perugi, G., Rossi, P. D., Fagiolini, A. M., Girardi, P., Maina, G., Sani, G., & Serretti, A. (2019) · International Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1097/yic.0000000000000260 · Cited by 25
“In the following years, the same authors found that MDI patients responded better to prophylactic lithium treatment than DMI (Kukopulos et al., 1980).”
BackgroundConcepts in the treatment of bipolar disorder
Greil, W., & Kleindienst, N. (2003) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0447.108.s418.9.x · Cited by 21
Kurita, M., Nishino, S., Numata, Y., Okubo, Y., & Sato, T. (2015) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s74550 · Cited by 20
Treatment of non-schizophrenic disorders: focus on atypical antipsychotics
Jeste, D. V., & Dolder, C. R. (2003) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-3956(03)00094-3 · Cited by 20
“The continued use of antipsychotics has even been implicated in precipitating depressive episodes and inducing rapid cycling in some patients (Kukopulos et al., 1980; McKeon et al., 1992).”
BackgroundRetrospective controlled study of inpatient ECT: does it prevent suicide?
Sharma, V. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00207-9 · Cited by 20
Cycling Into Depression From a First Episode of Mania: A Case-Comparison Study
Zarate, C. A., Tohen, M. F., & Fletcher, K. E. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.9.1524 · Cited by 20
Treatment of acute mania?from clinical trials to recommendations for clinical practice
Bourin, M., Lambert, O., & Guitton, B. (2004) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.657 · Cited by 20
“Conventional neuroleptics can trigger mood swings with an established depressogenic effect and would promote the onset of rapid cycling (Kukopulos et al., 1980b; Tonen et al., 2001; Yatham, 2002b).”
BackgroundSex difference in symptomatology of manic episode
Bhattacharya, A., Khess, C. R. J., Munda, S. K., Bakhla, A. K., Praharaj, S. K., & Kumar, M. (2010) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.06.010 · Cited by 19
Morbidity in treated bipolar disorder: A one‐year prospective study using daily life chart ratings
Denicoff, K. D., Blake, K. D., Smith‐Jackson, E. E., Jacob, P. A., Leverich, G. S., & Post, R. M. (1994) · Depression · doi:10.1002/depr.3050020206 · Cited by 19
Athanasios Koukopoulos' Psychiatry: The Primacy of Mania and the Limits of Antidepressants
Ghaemi, S. N., & Vöhringer, P. A. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160621113432 · Cited by 18
“He published his insight as early as 1980 [22].”
BackgroundLithium and the Single Episode When to Begin Long-term Prophylaxis for Bipolar Disorder
Zarin, D. A., & Pass, T. M. (1987) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-198712001-00005 · Cited by 18
Prophylaxis of Bipolar Affective Disorders
Post, R. M. (1990) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/09540269009026602 · Cited by 18
The clinical history and costs associated with delayed diagnosis of bipolar disorder.
Stang, P., Frank, C., Kalsekar, A., Yood, M. U., Wells, K. E., & Burch, S. P. (2006) · PubMed Central · Cited by 17
Benazzi, F., & Akiskal, H. S. (2004) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2004.04.005 · Cited by 17
Antosik-Wójcińska, A. Z., Stefanowski, B., & Święcicki, Ł. (2015) · Psychiatria Polska · doi:10.12740/pp/37914 · Cited by 18
Bipolar Disorders in DSM-IV: Impact of Inclusion of Rapid Cycling as a Course Modifier
Dünner, D. L. (1998) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0893-133x(98)00024-4 · Cited by 17
“It also has been suggested that tricyclic antidepressants may have a greater role in inducing rapid cycling than the more modern antidepressant treatments, which, in general, show somewhat lower rates of medication-induced hypomanic episodes than are reported for tricyclic antidepressant treatment of depression (Kukop…”
ResultOccurence of ultra-rapid cycling during electroconvulsive therapy in bipolar depression
Zavorotnyy, M., Diemer, J., Patzelt, J., Behnken, A., & Zwanzger, P. (2009) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/15622970802626572 · Cited by 16
“so far describing RC during combined ECT and antidepressant treatment (Kukopulos et al. 1980).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Psychopharmacology Algorithm Project at the Harvard South Shore Program
Ansari, A., & Osser, D. N. (2010) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/10673220903523524 · Cited by 16
Agitated depression: spontaneous and induced
Koukopoulos, A., Sani, G., Albert, M. J., Minnai, G. P., & Koukopoulos, A. E. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544019.008 · Cited by 17
The management of bipolar disorder in primary care: A review of existing and emerging therapies
BERK, M., Dodd, S., & Berk, L. (2005) · Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences · doi:10.1111/j.1440-1819.2005.01365.x · Cited by 17
Prevalence of depression in menopause: a pilot study
Tam, L. W., Stucky, V., Hanson, R. E., & Parry, B. L. (1999) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s007370050046 · Cited by 16
“Other studies have suggested a second peak in new onset bipolar disorder around age 50 (Angst, 1978), and an increase in the number of affective episodes in bipolar patients around age 50 (Kukopulos and Reginaldi, 1980).”
ResultCurrent issues: women and bipolar disorder
Marangell, L. B. (2008) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2008.10.2/lbmarangell · Cited by 17
“Some researchers have described this as a conversion to a rapid cycling variant of bipolar disorder.(20) More data is needed to understand whether these hormonal transitions directly impact the course of bipolar illness.”
Clinical Relevance and Treatment Possibilities of Bipolar Rapid Cycling
Grunze, H., Amann, B. L., Dittmann, S., & Walden, J. (2002) · Neuropsychobiology · doi:10.1159/000049257 · Cited by 16
The Milder Spectrum of Bipolar Disorders: Diagnostic, Characterologic and Pharmacologic Aspects
Akiskal, H. S. (1987) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19870101-08 · Cited by 16
Issues in the Long-Term Management of Bipolar Affective Illness
Post, R. M. (1993) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19930201-10 · Cited by 16
Koirala, P., Hu, B., Altinay, M. I., Li, M., DiVita, A. L., Bryant, K. A., Karne, H. S., Fiedorowicz, J. G., & Anand, A. (2018) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.12.006 · Cited by 15
Katagiri, H., Takita, Y., Tohen, M. F., Higuchi, T., Kanba, S., & Takahashi, M. (2012) · Current Medical Research and Opinion · doi:10.1185/03007995.2012.666961 · Cited by 15
Use of olanzapine for elderly patients with psychotic disorders: a review.
Madhusoodanan, S., Sinha, S. R., Brenner, R., et al. (2001) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1023/a:1014674018039 · Cited by 15
Antidepressant‐associated diagnostic change from major depressive to bipolar disorder
Tondo, L., Miola, A., Pinna, M., Contu, M., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2024) · Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/acps.13721 · Cited by 14
Self-citationWhat happens to the course of bipolar disorder after electroconvulsive therapy?
Minnai, G. P., Salis, P., Manchia, M., Pinna, M., & Tondo, L. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2016.02.027 · Cited by 13
“For instance, antipsychotics can precipitate a depressive syndrome (Kukopulos et al., 1980), while antidepressant drugs may trigger hypomanic or manic episodes (Goodwin and Jamison, 2007; Proudfoot et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationDemontis, F., Serra, F., & Serra, G. (2016) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666160715165648 · Cited by 15
“in 1980 [10] and has been confirmed by a number of reports in the last few decades.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSex differences in bipolar affective disorder: Neuroleptic dosage variance
D’Mello, D. A., & McNeil, J. A. (1990) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0010-440x(90)90057-y · Cited by 14
Mixed States and Bipolar Rapid Cycling and Their Treatment with Divalproex Sodium
Calabrese, J. R., Woyshville, M. J., Kimmel, S. E., & RAPPORT, D. J. (1993) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-19930201-08 · Cited by 14
Hypomanic switch during vortioxetine treatment: a case report
Aydın, E. P., Dalkıran, M., Özer, Ö. A., & Karamustafalıoğlu, O. (2018) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1080/24750573.2018.1435602 · Cited by 13
Divalproex extended-release in acute bipolar II depression
Wang, P. W., Nowakowska, C., Chandler, R. A., Hill, S. J., Nam, J. Y., Culver, J. L., Keller, K. L., & Ketter, T. A. (2009) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2009.10.021 · Cited by 13
“Patients with bipolar II depression may be more likely than those with bipolar I depression to develop rapid cycling, particularly when treated with antidepressant therapy (Kukopulos et al., 1980).”
BackgroundDopamine sudden depletion as a model for mixed depression
Strejilevich, S., Teitelbaum, J., Martino, D. J., Quiroz, D., & Kapczinski, F. P. (2011) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2011.10.004 · Cited by 13
“Dopamine antagonizing drugs such as haloperidol [19] or beta-blockers [20] may induce depression.”
BackgroundECT in Bipolar Disorder: Incidence of Switch from Depression to Hypomania or Mania
Bost-Baxter, E. (2013) · Journal of Depression & Anxiety · doi:10.4172/2167-1044.1000123 · Cited by 13
“6%), whose depression was successfully treated with ECT, developed at least mild hypomania [7].”
BackgroundFaedda, G. L., & Marangoni, C. (2016) · CNS Spectrums · doi:10.1017/s1092852916000493 · Cited by 14
Goodwin, F. K., & Ghaemi, S. N. (1999) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.1999.1.1/fgoodwin · Cited by 15
Pharmacotherapy of postpartum depression
Sharma, V. (2002) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.3.10.1421 · Cited by 13
“There is also a risk of induction of mania, accelerated cycle frequency and mixed states [45,66-68].”
BackgroundGender Differences in Psychiatry
Dawkins, K. (1995) · CNS Drugs · doi:10.2165/00023210-199503050-00006 · Cited by 13
Mechanism of Action of Lithium: Comparison and Contrast with Carbamazepine
Post, R. M., & Chuang, D. (1991) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-099300-0.50016-5 · Cited by 13
Behandlungsstrategien bei prophylaxeresistenten bipolaren Störungen
Bauer, M., & Ströhle, A. (1999) · Der Nervenarzt · doi:10.1007/s001150050484 · Cited by 12
Lithium Discontinuation: Uncovering Latent Bipolar Disorder?
Faedda, G. L., Tondo, L., & Baldessarini, R. J. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.8.1337-a · Cited by 12
Self-citationFagiolini, A. M., Forgione, R. N., Morana, B., Maccari, M., Goracci, A., Bossini, L., Pellegrini, F., Cuomo, A., & Casamassima, F. (2013) · Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1517/14656566.2013.765859 · Cited by 12
“The majority of FGA are efficacious anti-manic agents but they carry a substantial medium to long-term risk of precipitating postmanic depressive episodes [58], along with other bothersome adverse events, such as extrapyramidal side effects.”
BackgroundThe Role of Divalproex in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder
Bowden, C. L., Lawson, D. M., Cunningham, M. R., Owen, J. R., & Tracy, K. A. (2002) · Psychiatric Annals · doi:10.3928/0048-5713-20021201-09 · Cited by 12
Bipolar disorders beyond major depression and euphoric mania
Marneros, A., & Goodwin, F. K. (2005) · Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511544019.002 · Cited by 12
Pharmacotherapy of Borderline States
Brinkley, J. R. (1993) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0193-953x(18)30155-2 · Cited by 12
Rapid cycling affective disorder: a descriptive study from North India
Avasthi, A., Sharma, A., Malhotra, S., et al. (1999) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(98)00135-9 · Cited by 11
Papolos, D. F. (2003) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/104454603322163880 · Cited by 11
“These definitional differences may account for the differences in the observations made by Kukopulos et al. (1980) and Wehr et al. (1988) that rapid cycling is a relatively stable phenomenon (41% retained their rapid cycling pattern) and the studies using the frequent episode definition from the…”
D’Aquila, P. S., Collu, M., Gessa, G. L., & Serra, G. (1997) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/026988119701100112 · Cited by 11
“, 1988), ECS-induced switches are less frequent and, in most cases, involve only mild hypomania (Koukopoulos et al., 1980).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPsychosocial interventions in bipolar disorder
Zaretsky, A. E., & Segal, Z. V. (1994) · Depression · doi:10.1002/depr.3050020402 · Cited by 11
Bipolar Disorder Detection, Ascertainment, and Treatment
Stang, P., Frank, C., Yood, M. U., Wells, K. E., Burch, S. P., & Muma, B. K. (2006) · The Primary Care Companion For CNS Disorders · doi:10.4088/pcc.v08n0304 · Cited by 10
First International Exchange on Bipolar Disorder
Montgomery, S., & Keck, P. E. (2000) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00181-6 · Cited by 10
Selection of Initial Treatment for Bipolar Disorder, Manic Phase
Frye, M. A., & Altshuler, L. L. (1997) · KARGER eBooks · doi:10.1159/000061663 · Cited by 10
Antidepressants in Bipolar Depression: An Enduring Controversy
Gitlin, M. J. (2019) · FOCUS The Journal of Lifelong Learning in Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.focus.17306 · Cited by 9
Metadata
- Authors
- Kukopulos, A., Reginaldi, D., Laddomada, P., Floris, G., Serra, G., & Tondo, L.
- Venue
- Pharmacopsychiatry
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2008-03-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 156-167
- ISSN
- 0176-3679 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-0795
- OpenAlex
- W147127941
- Cited by
- 436
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 10.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Pharmacopsychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- bipolar disorder, rapid cycling, hypomania, depression, lithium prophylaxis, antidepressants, sex differences, menopause, recurrence, clinical course, treatment response, longitudinal follow-up, episode severity, age of onset, family history of bipolar disorder, comorbid depression
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Antidepressive Agents, Bipolar Disorder, Electroconvulsive Therapy, Female, Humans, Lithium, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Sex Factors, Time Factors, Antipsychotic Agents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review