The relationship between electromyogram and muscle force
Abstract
Some guidelines are given for the interpretation of the electromyogram (EMG). In static isometric contractions there is, usually a linear, relationship between muscle force and smoothed rectified EMG (SRE). It should be considered, however, that most of the time several muscles are active simultaneously around a joint. This finding implies that the relationship between the SRE of a single muscle and the total joint moment needs not be linear. During movements, the force-length-velocity relationship and the elastic properties of muscle should be taken into account. Also, EMGs during concentric movements are larger than those measured during isometric actions. A further consideration in relating force to EMG is that the force signal has a much lower frequency content than the rectified EMG. Finally, the limited speed of the activation and deactivation process results in a 50 to 200 ms delay of the muscle force relative to the EMG.
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Biomechanical studies show that under isometric contractions the relationship between force and EMG can be considered linear.
“This approach is supported by biomechanical studies (Hof, 1997; Onishi et al., 2000) showing that under isometric contractions the relationship between force and EMG can be considered linear.”
From A critical review of interfaces with the peripheral nervous system for the control of neuroprostheses and hybrid bionic systems (2005) · cites this paper as Hof, 1997
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“This approach is supported by biomechanical studies (Hof, 1997; Onishi et al., 2000) showing that under isometric contractions the relationship between force and EMG can be considered linear.”
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“A second argument against 3 Hz filtering is that muscle actions in walking are in general not isometric in the sense that origin-insertion length changes and speeds are small with respect to the force– length and force–velocity relations of the muscles [15].”
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“The model assumes a linear relationship between the ‘‘estimated muscle activity and the actuator force,’’ while realistically, there is no clear relationship between EMG amplitude and muscle force (Hof, 1997).”
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“…contractions the development of powerful algorithms for computing efforts from EMG (Buchanan et al., 1993; Laursen et al., 1998; van Dieen and Visser, 1999) is more conveniently performed because the relationship between force and EMG can be considered as linear (Hof, 1997; Onishi et al., 2000).”
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“However in comparison, as noted in several studies bioelectrical signals like EMG and electroencephalogram (EEG) have an inherent lead over motion onset [11], [12].”
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“The validation performed used an indirect method and the assumption of a linear relationship between EMG and muscle force is unfounded (Hof, 1997).”
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“The correlation coefficient r was chosen to compare muscle activations and EMG data so as to focus on shape rather than on magnitude discrepancies, as there is no direct relationship between EMG and muscle force amplitude [45, 46].”
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“It should also be noted that muscle force at a given level of muscle activity is affected by a range of factors not reflected in the seEMG signal, such as instantaneous muscle length and rate of length change [35] (Hof, 1997), contraction history [36] and fatigue [21,37].”
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“Relationships have also been variable between submaximal and maximal effort contractions, between static and dynamic activity, between muscle groups (Hof 1997), within subjects (Siegler et al. 1985) and due to muscle fibre composition (Woods and Bigland-Ritchie 1983).”
BackgroundLaryngeal reflex responses are not modulated during human voice and respiratory tasks
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“Generally, such a validation is doomed to failure not only for well known problems [1,16,27,30,38,39,43] with suitable registration and processing of these signals and questionable relationship “muscle force—EMGs”, but also because the summations of the twitches into the total muscle force and the summation of the act…”
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Magnetomyography: A novel modality for non-invasive muscle sensingPreprint
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“Among these crucial parameters, force variation is one of the vital physiological behaviors of skeletal muscle, which plays a key role in varying the amplitude and frequency characteristics of the EMG signal [22,23].”
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“Looking at a forcevelocity curve or relationship, it is shown that EMG recordings during concentric movements are larger than those measured at isometric actions showing that when the force is greater, the EMG recording is larger [47].”
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“It may be that sEMG activity does not increase linearly in concert with force output [10], which would make it difficult to differentiate levels of activation based on sEMG activity.”
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“Although sEMG is not a direct measure of force (Hof, 1997), a higher amplitude of the sEMG signal indicates higher muscle activity (Oikawa et al., 2011).”
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“793 This result joins some work in the literature where it is known that in static isometric contractions there is usually a linear relationship between muscle force and the RMS [19].”
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Meyers, A., Caldwell, E., Hirsch, J., Jacobs, K. A., Pohlig, R. T., & Signorile, J. F. (2017) · doi:10.1080/19424280.2017.1344327
“…literature has established that adjusting the rotational position of the foot and tibia causes changes in vastus medialis oblique (VMO) and VL EMG activity; Perry and Bekey (1981), Alkner, Tesch, and Berg (2000), and Hof (1997) suggest that EMG activity is representative of its underlying muscle.”
BackgroundFreedman, J., Jun, Y., Humphreys, D., & Dickey, J. (2015) · International Journal of Sports and Exercise Medicine · doi:10.23937/2469-5718/1510007
Hagovská, M., Takáč, P., & Petrovičová, J. (2015) · doi:10.1016/j.kontakt.2015.01.007
Ebert, V. (1999) · doi:10.18725/oparu-100
Zihlmann, M. (2005) · doi:10.3929/ethz-a-005026609
“Furthermore, the question how representative the nervous stimulation of the muscle force itself is, still remains [45].”
Background
- Authors
- Hof, A. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Groningen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Hof, A. L.
- ORCID
- Hof, A. L.
- Venue
- Sportverletzung · Sportschaden
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 1997-09
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 03
- Pages
- 79-86
- ISSN
- 0932-0555 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-1236
- OpenAlex
- W2029420446
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 0.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- de
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sportverletzung · Sportschaden (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Mechanics and Biomechanics Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- muscle force, isometric contraction, muscle elasticity, joint moments
- MeSH terms
- Electromyography, Fourier Analysis, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Motor Neurons, Reference Values, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Range of Motion, Articular, Weight-Bearing, Muscle, Skeletal
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