Die Prävalenz des Gilbert-Syndroms in Deutschland
Abstract
The prevalence of Gilbert's syndrome was studied in a randomized group of 1530 persons (785 men and 745 women, aged 20-40 years) living in the Heidelberg region of the Federal Republic of Germany. It was found to be present in 12.4% of men and 4.8% of women, i.e. a total of 8.6% for the entire group. In women the serum bilirubin level (mean 12.0 +/- 5.1 mumol/l) was significantly lower than in men (mean of 13.7 +/- 6.8 mumol/l; P less than 0.001). Analysing the frequency distribution of serum bilirubin revealed that patients with this syndrome do not constitute a population of its own, but rather form the upper end of the normative bilirubin distribution curve.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Meulengracht-Gilbert Syndrome (MGS) is a benign genetic disorder present in approximately 10% of young men in Bavaria, and it affects bilirubin processing leading to elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood.
“Meulengracht-Gilbert Syndrome (MGS), a benign genetic disorder which is present in approximately 10% of young men in Bavaria and affects bilirubin processing leading to elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin in the blood [14], [15], [16].”
From Proof-of-concept of a low-dose unmodified mRNA-based rabies vaccine formulated with lipid nanoparticles in human volunteers: A phase 1 trial (2021) · cites this paper as [14]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bosma, P. J., Chowdhury, J. R., Bakker, C., Gantla, S., Boer, A. M. T., Oostra, B. A., Lindhout, D., Tytgat, G. N. J., Jansen, P. L. M., Elferink, R. P. J. O., et al. (1995) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199511023331802 · Cited by 1,439 · see citing works
Beutler, E., Gelbart, T., & Demina, A. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.14.8170 · Cited by 854 · see citing works
Inherited disorders of bilirubin metabolism
Bosma, P. J. (2002) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00359-8 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
Oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction: Clinical evidence and therapeutic implications
Higashi, Y., Maruhashi, T., Noma, K., & Kihara, Y. (2013) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2013.12.001 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Aldrich, C., Leroux–Roels, I., Huang, K. B., Bica, M. A., Loeliger, E., Schoenborn-Kellenberger, O., Walz, L., Leroux-Roels, G., von Sonnenburg, F., & Oostvogels, L. (2021) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2020.12.070 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Raijmakers, M. T. M., Jansen, P. L. M., Steegers, E. A. P., et al. (2000) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(00)80268-8 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Diagnostic criteria and contributors to Gilbert’s syndrome
Wagner, K.-H., Shiels, R. G., Lang, C. A., Seyed Khoei, N., & Bulmer, A. C. (2018) · Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences · doi:10.1080/10408363.2018.1428526 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Maruhashi, T., Soga, J., Fujimura, N., Idei, N., Mikami, S., Iwamoto, Y., Kajikawa, M., Matsumoto, T., Kihara, Y., Chayama, K., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.112.105775 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Hyperbilirubinemia and Bilirubin Toxicity in the Late Preterm Infant
Watchko, J. F. (2006) · Clinics in Perinatology · doi:10.1016/j.clp.2006.09.002 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Hunt, S. C., Kronenberg, F., Eckfeldt, J. H., et al. (2001) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00420-2 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Hsieh, T., Shiu, T., Huang, S., Lin, H., Lee, T.-C., Chen, P., Chu, H.-C., Chang, W., Jeng, K.-S., Lai, M. M. C., et al. (2007) · Pharmacogenetics and Genomics · doi:10.1097/fpc.0b013e328012d0da · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Bilirubin and Endothelial Function
Maruhashi, T., Kihara, Y., & Higashi, Y. (2019) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.rv17035 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Exploring the genetic architecture of neonatal hyperbilirubinemia
Watchko, J. F., & Lin, Z. (2009) · Seminars in Fetal and Neonatal Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.siny.2009.11.003 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Maruo, Y., Nakahara, S., Yanagi, T., et al. (2015) · Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1111/jgh.13071 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
The differential diagnosis of Crigler—Najjar disease, types 1 and 2, by bile pigment analysis
Sinaasappel, M., & Jansen, P. L. M. (1991) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0016-5085(91)80026-6 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Farheen, S. (2006) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v12.i14.2269 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Maruo, Y., Morioka, Y., Fujito, H., Nakahara, S., Yanagi, T., Matsui, K., Mori, A., Sato, H., Tukey, R. H., & Takeuchi, Y. (2014) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2014.01.060 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Fujiwara, R., Maruo, Y., Chen, S., et al. (2015) · Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.taap.2015.08.018 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Decreased small dense LDL levels in Gilbert's syndrome
Tapan, S., Karadurmuş, N., Doğru, T., Erçin, C. N., Taşçı, İ., Bilgi, C., Kurt, İ., & Erbil, M. K. (2010) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.12.003 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Gilbert's syndrome--clinical and pharmacological implications.
Radu, P., & Atsmon, J. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Kamal, S. M., Abdelhakam, S. M., Ghoraba, D., Massoud, Y. M., Aziz, K. A., Hassan, H., Hafez, T. A., & Sallam, A. A. (2019) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/s12876-019-0931-2 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
A genome scan for loci influencing anti-atherogenic serum bilirubin levels
Kronenberg, F., Coon, H. H., Gutin, A., et al. (2002) · European Journal of Human Genetics · doi:10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200842 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Overview of Gilbert’s syndrome
King, D., & Armstrong, M. J. (2019) · Drug and Therapeutics Bulletin · doi:10.1136/dtb.2018.000028 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Watson, K. J. R., & Gollan, J. L. (1989) · Baillière s Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/0950-3528(89)90004-3 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Cebecauerová, D., Jirásek, T., Budisova, L., et al. (2005) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2004.10.009 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Matsui, K., Maruo, Y., Sato, H., et al. (2010) · BMC Gastroenterology · doi:10.1186/1471-230x-10-57 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
von Ahsen, N., Oellerich, M., & Schütz, E. (2000) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1093/clinchem/46.12.1939 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Costa, E. M., Vieira, E., Martins, M., et al. (2005) · Blood Cells Molecules and Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bcmd.2005.09.002 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Jansen, P. L. M., Bosma, P. J., Bakker, C., et al. (1997) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(97)80272-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Okada, A., Sugano, Y., Nagai, T., et al. (2017) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2017.03.033 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Liver function following pregnancy complicated by the HELLP syndrome
Knapen, M. F. C. M., van Altena, A. M., Peters, W. H. M., et al. (1998) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09977.x · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gilbert's Syndrome—Does It Exist?
Olsson, R., Bliding, Å., JAGENBURG, R., et al. (1988) · Acta Medica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.0954-6820.1988.tb19615.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Büyükaşık, Y., Akman, Ü., Goker, H., et al. (2008) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1097/maj.0b013e318142be0d · Cited by 24 · see citing works
9 The hereditary hyperbilirubinaemias
Nowicki, M. J., & Poley, J. R. (1998) · Baillière s Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1016/s0950-3528(98)90139-7 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Morsche, R. H. M. T., Zusterzeel, P. L. M., Raijmakers, M. T. M., et al. (2001) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2001.0103303le03 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Pharmacokinetics of morphine are not altered in subjects with Gilbert's syndrome
Skarke, C., Schmidt, H., Geißlinger, G., Darimont, J., & Lötsch, J. (2003) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2125.2003.01866.x · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kringen, M. K., Piehler, A. P., Grimholt, R. M., et al. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0090248 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Hereditary spherocytosis coexisting with Gilbert's syndrome: a diagnostic dilemma.
Garg, P. K., Kumar, A., Teckchandani, N., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Lee, J. H., & Moon, K. R. (2014) · Pediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology & Nutrition · doi:10.5223/pghn.2014.17.4.266 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jang, S., Choi, G. H., Chang, W., et al. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0271407 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Crigler-Najjar syndrome type II
Güldütuna, S., Langenbeck, U., Bock, K. W., et al. (1995) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/bf02063937 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationKathemann, S., Lainka, E., Baba, H. A., et al. (2012) · Pediatric Transplantation · doi:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2012.01662.x · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Zhang, M., Wang, H., Huang, Y., et al. (2021) · Gene · doi:10.1016/j.gene.2021.145526 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Doyama, H., Okada, T., Kobayashi, T., Suzuki, A., Takeda, Y., & Mabuchi, H. (2000) · Hepatology · doi:10.1053/jhep.2000.16331 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Griffin, P., Elliott, S. L., & Manton, K. J. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Pathology · doi:10.1136/jclinpath-2013-202155 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Genetic, hematological, and immunological disorders transmissible with liver transplantation
Tan, A., Florman, S. S., & Schiano, T. D. (2017) · Liver Transplantation · doi:10.1002/lt.24755 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Multiple variants in UGT1A1 gene are factors to develop indirect hyper-bilirubinemia.
Hu, R.-T., Nai-yuan, W., Huang, M., Huang, C., Chen, D., & Yang, S. (2014) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.08.04 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Can the liver with Gilbert's syndrome be used as graft of living-related liver transplantation?
Miyake, H., Tashiro, S., YOGITA, S., et al. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Asymptomatic Unconjugated Hyperbilirubinemia (Gilbert Syndrome) among Saudis in Jeddah
Bakhotmah, M. A., Gasem, A. A., & Bairotee, B. (1995) · Annals of Saudi Medicine · doi:10.5144/0256-4947.1995.422 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gilbert syndrome in Iran, Fars Province
Hemmati, F., Saki, F., Saki, N., et al. (2010) · Annals of Saudi Medicine · doi:10.5144/0256-4947.59376 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Investigation of the Aortic Pulse Wave Velocity in Patients with Gilbert’s Syndrome
Arslan, E., Çakar, M., Şarlak, H., et al. (2013) · Clinical and Experimental Hypertension · doi:10.3109/10641963.2012.758277 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Nomura, A., Maruo, Y., Taga, T., et al. (2016) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/pr.2016.75 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Clinical Experience with Isolated Hyperbilirubinemia
Olsson, R., & Stigendal, L. (1989) · Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3109/00365528909093099 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Şarlak, H., Arslan, E., Çakar, M., et al. (2016) · SpringerPlus · doi:10.1186/s40064-016-3085-5 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Gilbert syndrome in Iran, Fars Province.
Hemmati, F., Saki, F., Saki, N., et al. (2011) · PubMed · doi:10.4103/0256-4947.59376 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The inverse starving test is not a suitable provocation test for Gilbert's syndrome
Teich, N., Lehmann, I., Rosendahl, J., et al. (2008) · BMC Research Notes · doi:10.1186/1756-0500-1-35 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Neonatal Jaundice and Disorders of Bilirubin Metabolism
Gourley, G. R. (2007) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511547409.015 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Datta, S., Chowdhury, A., Ghosh, M., et al. (2011) · Annals of Human Genetics · doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.2011.00688.x · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Joekim, J. F., Veigas, G. J., Bose, N. M., Bhat, R., & Nayak, R. K. (2022) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences Review and Research · doi:10.47583/ijpsrr.2022.v75i01.019 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Crigler–Najjar syndrome: therapeutic options and consequences of mutations in the UGT1A1 complex
Fitzpatrick, E., Mtegha, M. P., & Dhawan, A. K. (2008) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1586/17446651.3.6.725 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Síndrome de Gilbert, ¿qué es y cómo diagnosticarlo?
Maya, G. C. (2006) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ye, N., Zhou, Z., Gong, H., et al. (2020) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2020.9219 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Gilbert’s syndrome: protective effect on endothelial dysfunction
Sertoğlu, E., Tapan, S., Doğru, T., et al. (2016) · Turkish Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1515/tjb-2016-0150 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gilbert’s syndrome as a model for studying the effects of bilirubin
Лошкова, Е. В., Doroshenko, I. V., Yankina, G. N., et al. (2023) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-206-10-126-141 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Veeravalli, R. S. S., Horsfall, L., Direk, K., & Petersen, I. (2025) · Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.2147/clep.s520589 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Soós, P. (2007) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/oh.2007.28148 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Cardio-hepatology: liver function tests in heart failure
Okada, A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-817394-7.00006-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Oral treatment of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
Hafkamp, A. M. (2006) · University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Approach to the Patient with Cholestasis and Jaundice
Dancygier, H., & Rogart, J. N. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-93842-2_52
Dancygier, H. (2003) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55902-0_17
Seltenere hereditäre Lebererkrankungen
Schultheiß, M., Boettler, T., & Blum, H. E. (2008) · Die Gastroenterologie · doi:10.1007/s11377-008-0180-3
Clinical value of functional assays in diagnostics of Gilbert’s disease
Shulyatyev, I., & Noskova, K. K. (2015) · Laboratory Service · doi:10.17116/labs20154120-25
Molekularna dijagnostika Gilbertova sindroma
Karaga, A. (2015)
Bariatric surgery may exacerbate hyperbilirubinemia in patients with Gilberts Syndrome
Asıl, M., Dertli, R., Bıyık, M., et al. (2017) · Annals of Medical Research · doi:10.5455/jtomc.2017.01.05
Гайбонюк, І. Є., & Макух, Г. В. (2019) · The Journal of V N Karazin Kharkiv National University Series Biology · doi:10.26565/2075-5457-2019-33-4
Wahn, V., Bremer, H. J., Heinze, E., Holl, R., Schaub, J., Hilgarth, R., Koletzko, B. V., FANCONI, A., Schellong, G., & Koletzko, S. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-22535-6_3
Wahn, V., Bremer, H. J., Heinze, E., et al. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-10465-1_3
Dancygier, H. (2011) · DoctorConsult - The Journal Wissen für Klinik und Praxis · doi:10.1016/j.dcjwkp.2011.10.006
10.1016/b978-1-4557-5414-4.00004-8
(2000) · Time to knit · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4557-5414-4.00004-8
Oberbauchschmerzen bei einer Jugendlichen
Zimmermann, C., Lakatos, K., Horcher, E., et al. (2012) · Monatsschrift Kinderheilkunde · doi:10.1007/s00112-012-2719-0
- Authors
- Sieg, A., Arab, L., Schlierf, G., Stiehl, A., & Kommerell, B.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Venue
- DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift
- Publisher
- Georg Thieme Verlag KG
- Published
- 2008-03-25
- Volume
- 112
- Issue
- 31/32
- Pages
- 1206-1208
- ISSN
- 0012-0472 (ISSN-L)
- 1439-4413
- OpenAlex
- W2402765863
- Cited by
- 79
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- de
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- DMW - Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Neonatal Health and Biochemistry
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Pediatric Hepatobiliary Diseases and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Heme Oxygenase-1 and Carbon Monoxide
- Keywords
- Gilbert syndrome, prevalence, serum bilirubin, sex differences, unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia, young adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Germany, West, Gilbert Disease, Humans, Hyperbilirubinemia, Hereditary, Male
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review