The DOI matches its Crossref record; 21 of the 21 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The “Dawn-Phenomenon” – a common occurrence in both non-insulin-dependent and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus
Abstract
The dawn phenomenon is a condition recently described in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) that is characterized by abrupt increases in fasting levels of plasma glucose or insulin requirements or both between 5 and 9 a.m., in the absence of antecedent hypoglycemia. To determine its potential clinical relevance, we assessed its frequency and reproducibility in 20 patients with IDDM and in 13 patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) during overnight closed-loop (feedback-controlled) intravenous insulin infusion. After 6 a.m., plasma glucose levels increased similarly in NIDDM (89 +/- 2 mg per deciliter, midnight to 6 a.m., vs. 98 +/- 2 mg per deciliter, 6 to 9 a.m.; P less than 0.01). Insulin requirements increased at least 50 per cent for 1 1/2 hours in 77 per cent of patients with NIDDM and in 75 per cent of patients with IDDM. In five patients with IDDM who were studied on four occasions, the phenomenon occurred during 17 of the 20 observation periods, with insulin requirements after 6 a.m. increasing 225 +/- 34 per cent; coefficients of variation in individual patients ranged from 4 to 25 per cent. Thus, the dawn phenomenon occurs commonly in both NIDDM and IDDM, but its potential variability must be taken into consideration when one is attempting to adjust insulin doses.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“A similar situation occurs in humans; before waking, glucose production and glucose concentrations are increased while at the same time glucose utilization is high [61].”
From Circadian control of glucose metabolism (2014) · cites this paper as [61]
Citations
Cites
C-peptide Response to Glucagon: A Test for the Residual β-cell Function in Diabetes Mellitus
FABER, O. K., & Binder, C. (1977) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.26.7.605 · Cited by 396
Diurnal Variation in Glucose Tolerance and in Insulin Secretion in Man
Carroll, K. F., & Nestel, P. J. (1973) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.22.5.333 · Cited by 231
Schmidt, M. I., Hadji-Georgopoulos, A., Rendell, M., Margolis, S., & Kowarski, A. (1981) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.4.6.579 · Cited by 216
Exacerbation of diabetes by excess insulin action
Somogyi, M. (1959) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0002-9343(59)90307-9 · Cited by 203
Jarrett, R. J., Baker, I. A., KEEN, H., & Oakley, N. W. (1972) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5794.199 · Cited by 176
Closed-loop and Open-loop Devices for Blood Glucose Control in Normal and Diabetic Subjects
Santiago, J. V., Clemens, A. H., Clarke, W. L., & KIPNIS, D. M. (1978) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.28.1.71 · Cited by 134
Shamoon, H., Hendler, R., & Sherwin, R. S. (1980) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.29.4.284 · Cited by 133
DIURNAL VARIATION IN INSULIN SENSITIVITY
Gibson, T. C., & Jarrett, R. J. (1972) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(72)92472-5 · Cited by 117
Regulation of brittle diabetics by a pre-planned insulin infusion programme
Deckert, T., & L�rup, B. (1976) · Diabetologia · doi:10.1007/bf01220633 · Cited by 84
Overnight Basal Insulin Requirements in Fasting Insulin-dependent Diabetics
Clarke, W. L., Haymond, M. W., & Santiago, J. V. (1980) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.29.1.78 · Cited by 84
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- White, 1983, Diabetes, 33, 60
- Hatlehol, 1924, Acta Med Scand [Suppl], 8, 1
- Izzo, 1949, Proc Am Diabetes Assoc, 9, 247
- Faiman, 1967, Clin Sci, 32, 111
- Wildenhoff, 1972, Acta Med Scand, 191, 303
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–233 of 233
Ausmaß und Bedeutung des Dawn-Phänomens bei Typ-2-Diabetes
Jecht, M. (2014) · Der Diabetologe · doi:10.1007/s11428-013-1179-z
Chapitre 10 – Prescription diététique
Monnier, L., & Colette, C. (2014) · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-73976-7.00010-7
The role of biological rhythms and blood glucose levels in maintaining a positive mood state.
Martino, O. I. (2008) · Wolverhampton Intellectual Repository and E-Theses (University of Wolverhampton)
The Dawn Phenomenon: Variability in Occurrence May Cause Need for Change in Treatment Strategy
Zimmerman, R. S. (2014) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep14364.co
Impressions of medicine in India
Talwalker, V. C. (1985) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6501.1047-c
Molitch, M. E. (1997) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-2584-1_4
Johansson, U., Wredling, R., Lins, P., Adamson, U., & Moberg, E. (1996) · Practical Diabetes · doi:10.1002/pdi.1960130207
Medical Management of Preexisting Diabetes in Pregnancy
Trujillo, A. L., Wright, L. A.-C., & Jovanovic, L. G. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-250-6_17
Neonatal hypoglycemia: an important early sign of endocrine disorders.
Sutton, A. M., & Kingdom, J. C. (1985) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.291.6501.1046-a
Krygsman, A. (2012) · InTech eBooks · doi:10.5772/53805
Chantelau, E. A., Kemmer, F. W., Sonnenberg, G. E., Mühlhauser, I., Starke, A., & Berger, M. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198510103131514
Continuous Insulin Infusion Therapy and Nutrition
Drexler, A., & Robertson, C. (2006) · Nutrition and disease prevention · doi:10.1201/9781420014884.ch8
Diabète de type1: traitement insulinique detype basal-bolus
Monnier, L., & Colette, C. (2017) · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-74646-8.00007-9
Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2
Klentze, M. (2018) · Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Österreich · doi:10.1007/s41974-018-0059-3
Monnier, L., & Colette, C. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70931-9.00009-7
Thérapeutique des désordres glycémiques
(2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-73954-5.00007-x
Thérapeutique des désordres glycémiques
(2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-70868-8.50007-4
Thérapeutique des désordres glycémiques
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-75889-8.00007-5
(1996) · Advances in Drug Research · doi:10.1016/s0065-2490(96)80046-3
Howorka, K. (1987) · Kliniktaschenbücher · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-97866-1_19
Mesures hygiéno-diététiques et états diabétiques
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-2-294-75889-8.00006-3
Howorka, K. (1988) · Kliniktaschenbücher · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07347-6_19
Sauer, H. (1987) · Kliniktaschenbücher · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-71056-8_6
Der Effekt von Wachstumshormon auf die menschlichen Alterungsprozesse. Teil 2
Klentze, M. (2018) · Journal für Gynäkologische Endokrinologie/Schweiz · doi:10.1007/s41975-018-0064-y
Howorka, K. (1991) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-97298-0_19
Carroll, H. A., Toumpakari, Z., Andrews, R. C., Falconer, C., James, L. J., Betts, J. A., England, C. Y., Cooper, A. R., & Johnson, L. (2022) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-1765816/v1
Cywes, R., Kajee, H., Wellington, N., Cucuzzella, M. T., Riley, K., Isaacs, D. M., Pataguana, N., Lake, I., Rauch, L., McKelvey, S., et al. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-821617-0.00010-3
Dosing for Stress, Sick Days and Surgery
Hindmarsh, P. C., & Geertsma, K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824548-4.00025-5
Keith, M., Corley, M. K., Glass, D. J., Valeggia, C. R., & Martin, M. A. (2026) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.70302
Wang, Y., Wang, S., Wang, W., Zhang, T., Xu, B., Yang, G.-M., & Xu, T. (2026) · Acta Diabetologica · doi:10.1007/s00592-026-02763-9
Type 1 Diabetes in the Youngest: From Distinct Needs to New Frontiers in Care
Ingrosso, D. M. F., Polle, O. G., Perge, K., Pélicand, J., Vermillac, G., Godot, C., Besançon, A., CHIARELLI, F., & Beltrand, J. (2026) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/hrp/adaag026
Glucose counterregulation, hypoglycemia, and intensive insulin therapy in diabetes mellitus
Epstein, F. H., Cryer, P. E., & Gerich, J. E. (1985) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198507253130405 · Cited by 273
Metadata
- Authors
- Bolli, G. B., & Gerich, J. E.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- ORCID
- Bolli, Geremia B.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1984-03-22
- Volume
- 310
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 746-750
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2317353168
- Cited by
- 235
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 10.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pancreatic function and diabetes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
- Keywords
- dawn phenomenon, type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin requirement, fasting blood glucose, nocturnal glucose, insulin dose adjustment
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Glucose, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Insulin, Insulin Infusion Systems, Male, Middle Aged, Time
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
