A Controlled Trial of Dexamethasone in Preterm Infants at High Risk for Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Abstract

We evaluated the use of dexamethasone in preterm infants to decrease morbidity associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Thirty-six preterm infants (birth weight, less than or equal to 1250 g and gestational age, less than or equal to 30 weeks) who were dependent on oxygen and mechanical ventilation at two weeks of age received a 42-day course of dexamethasone (n = 13), an 18-day course of dexamethasone (n = 12), or saline placebo (n = 11). The starting dose of dexamethasone was 0.5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day, and it was progressively lowered during the period of administration. Infants in the 42-day dexamethasone group, but not those in the 18-day group, were weaned from mechanical ventilation significantly faster than control infants (medians 29, 73, and 84 days, respectively; P less than 0.05), and from supplemental oxygen (medians 65, 190, and 136 days, respectively; P less than 0.05). No clinical complications of steroid administration were noted. Follow-up of all 23 survivors at 6 and 15 months of age showed good outcome (normal neurologic examinations and Bayley Developmental Indexes greater than or equal to 84) in 7 of the 9 infants in the 42-day dexamethasone group, but in only 2 of the 9 infants in the 18-day dexamethasone group and 2 of the 5 in the placebo group (P less than 0.05). We conclude that dexamethasone therapy for 42 days improves pulmonary and neurodevelopmental outcome in very-low-birth-weight infants at high risk for bronchopulmonary dysplasia.