The DOI matches its Crossref record; 31 of the 31 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World
Abstract
An essential ethical condition for a randomized clinical trial comparing two treatments for a disease is that there be no good reason for thinking one is better than the other.1,2 Usually, investigators hope and even expect that the new treatment will be better, but there should not be solid evidence one way or the other. If there is, not only would the trial be scientifically redundant, but the investigators would be guilty of knowingly giving inferior treatment to some participants in the trial. The necessity for investigators to be in this state of equipoise2 applies to placebo-controlled trials, as . . .
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“Even within the paucity of literature on conducting clinical trials in low resource countries, the literature mostly relates to ethical issues [19, 26–28].”
From Barriers for conducting clinical trials in developing countries—A systematic review (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Citations
Cites
Clozapine for the Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenic: A Double-blind Comparison With Chlorpromazine
Kane, J. (1988) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1988.01800330013001 · Cited by 4,156
Connor, E. M., SPERLING, R. S., Gelber, R. D., Kiselev, P., Scott, G. B., O’Sullivan, M. J., VanDyke, R., Bey, M., Shearer, W. T., Jacobson, R. L., et al. (1994) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199411033311801 · Cited by 3,685
Equipoise and the Ethics of Clinical Research
Freedman, B. (1987) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198707163170304 · Cited by 2,339
A history and theory of informed consent
Kapp, M. B. (1986) · Journal of Legal Medicine · doi:10.1080/01947648609513478 · Cited by 2,328
Carlsson, A., & Lindqvist, M. (1963) · Acta Pharmacologica et Toxicologica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0773.1963.tb01730.x · Cited by 2,156
International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects
Cioms (1993) · Cited by 1,311
Bass, J. B., Farer, L. S., Hopewell, P. C., O'Brien, R., Jacobs, R. F., Ruben, F. L., Snider, D. E., & Thornton, G. F. (1994) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/ajrccm.149.5.8173779 · Cited by 1,190
Lurie, P. G., & Wolfe, S. M. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199709183371212 · Cited by 884
SPERLING, R. S., Shapiro, D. E., Coombs, R. W., Todd, J. A., Herman, S. A., McSherry, G., O’Sullivan, M. J., Dyke, R. B. V., Jiménez, E., Rouzioux, C., et al. (1996) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199611283352201 · Cited by 800
Olanzapine versus Placebo and Haloperidol
Beasley, C. M., Tollefson, G. D., Tran, P., SATTERLEE, W. G., Sanger, T. M., & Hamilton, S. H. (1996) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/0893-133x(95)00069-p · Cited by 777
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- 10.2307/3562946 · DOI
- 1990, MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 39, 9
Cited by
Sorted by citations
What Makes Clinical Research Ethical?
Emanuel, E. J. (2000) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.283.20.2701 · Cited by 2,710
What Makes Clinical Research in Developing Countries Ethical? The Benchmarks of Ethical Research
Emanuel, E. J., Wendler, D., Killen, J., & Grady, C. (2004) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/381709 · Cited by 966
Temple, R., & Ellenberg, S. S. (2000) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-133-6-200009190-00014 · Cited by 871
D’Agostino, R. B., Massaro, J. M., & SULLIVAN, L. M. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1425 · Cited by 715
Ethical and Scientific Implications of the Globalization of Clinical Research
Glickman, S. W., McHutchison, J. G., Peterson, E. D., Cairns, C. B., Harrington, R. A., Califf, R. M., & Schulman, K. A. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmsb0803929 · Cited by 710
Metadata
- Authors
- Angell, M.
- Corresponding author
- Angell, Marcia
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 1997-09-18
- Volume
- 337
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 847-849
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2062146075
- Cited by
- 863
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 45 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Issues, ethics and legal aspects › Biomedical Ethics and Regulation
- Keywords
- clinical research ethics, randomized controlled trials, equipoise, developing countries, research participant protection
- MeSH terms
- Clinical Trials as Topic, Developing Countries, Ethics, Medical, Humans, Informed Consent, Placebos, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary, United States, United States Public Health Service, HIV Infections, AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections, Ethical Review, Moral Obligations, Withholding Treatment, Ethical Relativism, Codes of Ethics, Control Groups, Editorial Policies, Research Subjects, Therapeutic Human Experimentation, Pregnant Women, Pregnant People, Internationality
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