Expression of Concern Reaffirmed
Abstract
On December 8, 2005, we published an expression of concern1 regarding an article by Bombardier et al. on the Vioxx Gastrointestinal Outcomes Research (VIGOR) study that was published in the Journal on November 23, 2000.2 Our expression of concern was prompted by evidence that the VIGOR article did not accurately represent the safety data available to the authors when the article was being reviewed for publication. More than four months before the article was published, at least two of its authors were aware of critical data on an array of adverse cardiovascular events that were not included in the VIGOR . . .
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
How harms outcomes are assessed will affect the results obtained.
“How harms outcomes are assessed will affect the results obtained.276 277 278 279”
From SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials (2025) · cites this paper as [278]
Cites
Bombardier, C., Laine, L., Reicin, A. S., Shapiro, D., Burgos‐Vargas, R., Davis, B. R., Day, R. O., Ferraz, M. B., Hawkey, C. J., Hochberg, M. C., et al. (2000) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200011233432103 · Cited by 4,014 · see citing works
Ombardier, C. L. B., Aine, L. O. L., Eicin, A. L. R., Hapiro, D. E. S., Urgos, R. U. B., Avis, B. A. D., Ay, R., Arcos, M. J., Erraz, B. O. F., Awkey, C. H. J. H., et al. (2010) · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Curfman, G., Morrissey, S., & Drazen, J. M. (2005) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme058314 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Self-citationResponse to Expression of Concern Regarding VIGOR Study
Bombardier, C., Laine, L., Burgos‐Vargas, R., Davis, B. R., Day, R. O., Ferraz, M. B., Hawkey, C. J., Hochberg, M. C., Kvien, T. K., Schnitzer, T. J., et al. (2006) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc066096 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
SPIRIT 2013 explanation and elaboration: guidance for protocols of clinical trials
Chan, A.-W., Tetzlaff, J. M., Gotzsche, P. C., Altman, D. G., Mann, H., Berlin, J. A., Dickersin, K., Hrobjartsson, A., Schulz, K. F., Parulekar, W. R., et al. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.e7586 · Cited by 6,251 · see citing works
Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: network meta-analysis
Trelle, S., Reichenbach, S., Wandel, S., Hildebrand, P., Tschannen, B., Villiger, P. M., Egger, M., & Jüni, P. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c7086 · Cited by 1,169 · see citing works
Dissemination and publication of research findings: an updated review of related biases
Song, F., Parekh, Hooper, L., Loke, Y., Ryder, J., Sutton, A., Hing, C., Kwok, C., Pang, C., & Harvey, I. (2010) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta14080 · Cited by 1,039 · see citing works
Ford, A. C., Talley, N. J., Spiegel, B. M. R., Foxx-Orenstein, A. E., Schiller, L., Quigley, E. M. M., & Moayyedi, P. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2313 · Cited by 565 · see citing works
Publication Bias in the Organizational Sciences
Kepes, S., Banks, G. C., McDaniel, M. A., & Whetzel, D. L. (2012) · Organizational Research Methods · doi:10.1177/1094428112452760 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
A Comprehensive Survey of Retracted Articles from the Scholarly Literature
Grieneisen, M. L., & Zhang, M. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0044118 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors on Renal and Arrhythmia Events
Zhang, J., Ding, E. L., & Song, Y. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.13.jrv60015 · Cited by 332 · see citing works
Reporting of Safety Results in Published Reports of Randomized Controlled Trials
(2009) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2009.306 · Cited by 287 · see citing works
Emotion Recollected in Tranquility: Lessons Learned from the COX-2 Saga
Großer, T., Yu, Y., & FitzGerald, G. A. (2010) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-011209-153129 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Reproducible Research: Moving toward Research the Public Can Really Trust
Laine, C., Goodman, S. N., Griswold, M. E., & Sox, H. C. (2007) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-146-6-200703200-00154 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Chan, A.-W., Hrobjartsson, A., Jorgensen, K. J., Gotzsche, P. C., & Altman, D. G. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.a2299 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Stiller, C., & Hjemdahl, P. (2022) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.13505 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Schmidt, M., Lamberts, M., Olsen, A.-M. S., Fosbøll, E., Niessner, A., Tamargo, J., Rosano, G., Agewall, S., Kaski, J. C., Kjeldsen, K., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv505 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
SPIRIT 2025 explanation and elaboration: updated guideline for protocols of randomised trials
Hróbjartsson, A., Boutron, I., Hopewell, S., Moher, D., Schulz, K. F., Collins, G. S., Tunn, R., Aggarwal, R., Berkwits, M., Berlin, J. A., et al. (2025) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-081660 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Bias, Spin, and Misreporting: Time for Full Access to Trial Protocols and Results
Chan, A.-W. (2008) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0050230 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Why we need easy access to all data from all clinical trials and how to accomplish it
Gøtzsche, P. C. (2011) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-12-249 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Tang, E., Ravaud, P., Riveros, C., Perrodeau, É., & Dechartres, A. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0430-4 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Becker, M. C., Wang, T. H., Wisniewski, L., Wolski, K., Libby, P., Lüscher, T. F., BORER, J. S., Mascette, A. M., Husni, M. E., Solomon, D. H., et al. (2009) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2008.12.014 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Avoiding Bias in Publication Bias Research: The Value of “Null” Findings
Kepes, S., Banks, G. C., & Oh, I. (2012) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-012-9279-0 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Controversies and the Performative Value of Uncertainty
McGoey, L. (2009) · Science as Culture · doi:10.1080/09505430902885474 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Biddle, J. B. (2007) · Social Epistemology · doi:10.1080/02691720601125472 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Evidence-Based Decision Making: When Should We Wait For More Information?
Chalkidou, K., Lord, J. L., Fischer, A., & Littlejohns, P. (2008) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.27.6.1642 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Schroll, J. B., Penninga, E. I., & Gøtzsche, P. C. (2016) · PLOS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002101 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Influence of Money on Medical Science
DeAngelis, C. D. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.296.8.jed60051 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
García Rodríguez, L. A., González-Pérez, A., Bueno, H., & Hwa, J. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016780 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The pharmacology of selective inhibition of COX-2
Großer, T. (2006) · Thrombosis and Haemostasis · doi:10.1160/th06-08-0444 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
He, L., Fang, H., Chen, C., Wu, Y., Wang, Y., Ge, H., Wang, L., Wan, Y., & He, H. (2020) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000019760 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Rosenthal, R., & Dwan, K. M. (2013) · Annals of Surgery · doi:10.1097/sla.0b013e318283cf7f · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Dissecting Effects of Complex Mixtures
Thomas, D. C., Witte, J. S., & Greenland, S. (2007) · Epidemiology · doi:10.1097/01.ede.0000254682.47697.70 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
FDA Responds to Institute of Medicine Drug Safety Recommendations—In Part
Psaty, B. M., & Charo, R. A. (2007) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.297.17.1917 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Cardiovascular Risk with Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs: Clinical Implications
Bello, A. E., & Holt, R. J. (2014) · Drug Safety · doi:10.1007/s40264-014-0207-2 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Schmidt, M., Lamberts, M., Olsen, A. S., Fosbøl, E. L., Niessner, A., Tamargo, J. L., Rosano, G. M. C., Agewall, S., Kaski, J. C., Kjeldsen, K. P., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal - Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvv054 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Brezis, M. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Lapses at the New England Journal of Medicine
Smith, R. W. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.8.380 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Unpublished data can be of value in systematic reviews of adverse effects: methodological overview
Golder, S., Loke, Y. K., & Bland, M. (2010) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2010.02.009 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Clinical Trial Investigators and Their Prescribing Patterns
Psaty, B. M., & Rennie, D. (2006) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.295.23.2787 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Osborne, H., Anderson, L. C., Burt, P., Young, M. A., & GERRARD, D. F. (2015) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095711 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Access to Safety Data — Stockholders versus Prescribers
Pfeffer, M. A., & Bowler, M. B. (2011) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp1104699 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk
Solomon, S. D. (2006) · Current Opinion in Cardiology · doi:10.1097/01.hco.0000245740.85829.4f · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Lapses at the New England Journal of Medicine
Smith, R. W. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680609900802 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
U.S. Chamber of Commerce Liability Survey: Inaccurate, Unfair, and Bad for Business
Eisenberg, T. A. (2009) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2009.01155.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Conflicts of Interest in Health Care: Who Guards the Guardians?
EPSTEIN, R. A. (2007) · Perspectives in biology and medicine · doi:10.1353/pbm.2007.0002 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Ethical Considerations in the Interpretation and Communication of Clinical Trial Results
Coultas, D. (2007) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200701-007gc · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Off-Label Drug Use and Promotion: Balancing Public Health Goals and Commercial Speech
Kesselheim, A. S. (2011) · American Journal of Law & Medicine · doi:10.1177/009885881103700202 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Safeguarding good scientific practice in Europe
Bosch, X. (2010) · EMBO Reports · doi:10.1038/embor.2010.32 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Putting Patients First”: Systematically Distorted Communication and Merck's Marketing of Vioxx
Lyon, A. R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Communication Research · doi:10.1080/00909880701611052 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
In‐basket Validity: A systematic review
Whetzel, D. L., Rotenberry, P. F., & McDaniel, M. A. (2014) · International Journal of Selection and Assessment · doi:10.1111/ijsa.12057 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Litigation-Generated Science: Why Should We Care?
Boden, L. I., & Ozonoff, D. M. (2007) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp.9987 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Greenland, S. (2007) · International Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/ije/dym174 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Adverse Effects of Cyclooxygenase 2 Inhibitors on Renal and Arrhythmia Events
Zhang, J., Ding, E. L., & Song, Y. (2017) · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Correction: Lung Transplantation and Survival in Children with Cystic Fibrosis
Liou, T. G., Adler, F. R., Cahill, B. C., & Cox, D. R. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc086289 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Data availability for industry sponsored trials: what should medical journals require?
Steinbrook, R., & Kassirer, J. P. (2010) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.c5391 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The Future of Conflicts of Interest: A Call for Professional Standards
Lo, B. (2012) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00677.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Better Regulation of Industry-Sponsored Clinical Trials is Long Overdue
Wynia, M. K., & Boren, D. (2009) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00402.x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Eisenberg, T. A., & Wells, M. T. (2008) · Journal of Empirical Legal Studies · doi:10.1111/j.1740-1461.2008.00132.x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Nejstgaard, C. H., Laursen, D. R. T., Lundh, A., & Hróbjartsson, A. (2022) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.1611 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
What Your Doctor Should Know about Statistics (but Perhaps Doesn't…)
Switzer, S. S., & Horton, N. J. (2007) · CHANCE · doi:10.1080/09332480.2007.10722826 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Australasian College of Sports Physicians—Position Statement
Osborne, H., Anderson, L. C., Burt, P., Young, M. A., & GERRARD, D. F. (2016) · Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine · doi:10.1097/jsm.0000000000000298 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Race Differences in Personality: An Evaluation of Moderators and Publication Bias
Tate, B. W., & Mcdaniel, M. A. (2014) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Science at the Crossroads: Fact or Fiction?
Goldberg, D. (2010) · Journal of Medical Biochemistry · doi:10.2478/v10011-011-0004-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Complicity theory: an explanation for the `coxib problem'?
Dieppe, P. A. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.6.273 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The Imperative of Ethical Communication Standards in an Era of Commercialized Medicine
Lyon, A. R., & Mirivel, J. C. (2010) · Management Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/0893318910370272 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Long-Acting Broncho-Dilators: Time for a Re-think
Vassiliou, V. S., & Zipitis, C. S. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680609900803 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Safe Drugs Versus Innovative Drugs (Can We Have Both?)
Raposo, V. L. (2019) · Advanced Pharmaceutical Bulletin · doi:10.34172/apb.2020.041 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
DO PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANIES SELECTIVELY REPORT CLINICAL TRIAL DATA
Ahmer, S., Haider, I., Anderson, D., & Arya, P. (2006) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bias in research and conflict of interest: why should we care?
Dietz, H. P. (2006) · International Urogynecology Journal · doi:10.1007/s00192-006-0236-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Conflicts of Interest and Disclosures in Publications
Camilleri, M., Dubnansky, E. C., & Rustgi, A. K. (2007) · Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.12.031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Toward a Philosophy of Error in Science
Allchin, D. (2025) · doi:10.1093/9780197827703.001.0001 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
When More Is Less: Overuse of Medical Services Harms Patients
Brownlee, S., Cassel, C. K., & Saini, V. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0407-5_1 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dealing With Unanticipated Mortality in a Large Randomized Clinical Trial of Topical Tretinoin
Schilling, L. M., & Dellavalle, R. P. (2009) · Archives of Dermatology · doi:10.1001/archdermatol.2008.520 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Inconsistencies in Cardiovascular Data from COX-2 Inhibitor Trials–is it a Class Effect?
Weatherall, M., Aldington, S., Caldwell, B., & Beasley, R. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680609900604 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Conflicts of Interest and Disclosures in Publications
Camilleri, M., Dubnansky, E. C., & Rustgi, A. K. (2007) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2007.01.052 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A fraude acadêmica hoje: as causas sociais e as respostas institucionais
Ávila, A. P. O. (2015) · REVISTA QUAESTIO IURIS · doi:10.12957/rqi.2015.20927 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Detecting Safety Issues in Clinical Trials
Heeley, E. L. (2018) · Methods in pharmacology and toxicology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-8818-1_5 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Complicity Theory: An Explanation for the ‘Coxib Problem’?
Dieppe, P. A. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1177/014107680609900603 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Risiken und Nebenwirkungen von Arzneimitteln
Otte, A., Siskou, M., Lieber, D., Barsch, M., Konur, A., & Matzke, O. (2009) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Deaths in trials should always be reported
Schroll, J. B. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f4219 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A Pharmacoepidemiological Network Model for Drug Safety Surveillance
Reis, B. Y., Olson, K. L., Tian, L., Bohn, R. L., Brownstein, J. S., Park, P. J., Cziraky, M. J., Wilson, M. D., & Mandl, K. D. (2012) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/11596610-000000000-00000 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Framing the Forum: Medical Ethics in Large-Scale, Interventional Respiratory Clinical Trials
Criner, G. J. (2007) · Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society · doi:10.1513/pats.200701-012gc · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Viereck, C., & Boudes, P. F. (2009) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2009.03.010 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Promotion and First Amendment Rights
Troy, D. E., & Gottlieb, S. L. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc081122 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
How to Tell the Truth with Statistics: The Case for Accountable Data Analyses in Team-based Science.
Gelfond, J., Klugman, C. M., Welty, L. J., Heitman, E., Louden, C., & Pollock, B. H. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Tools for Assessment of Cardiovascular Tests and Therapies
Antman, E. M., Califf, R. M., & Kupersmith, J. (2007) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-3358-5.50007-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Archiving Records and Materials
Werther, W., & Meinert, C. L. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52636-2_62 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Requiem for international medical graduates
Natarajan, A. (2006) · Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine · doi:10.1258/jrsm.99.6.272 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Glick, M. (2006) · The Journal of the American Dental Association · doi:10.14219/jada.archive.2006.0063 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Pharmaceutical Product Liabilities: A Review of Current Status and Future Trends
Boudes, P. F. (2009) · Drug Information Journal · doi:10.1177/009286150904300303
The US requirement to deposit trial data within a year is unworkable
Meinert, C. L. (2013) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.f6449
A BITTER PILL TO SWALLOW: CANADIAN DRUG REGULATION
Taylor, M. D. (2010) · eYLS (Yale Law School)
Conflicts of interest in biomedical publishing
Lundh, A. (2012)
Marušić, A., Katavić, V., & Marušić, M. (2007)
Ponce, M. F. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3119644
Archiving Records and Materials
Werther, W., & Meinert, C. L. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-52677-5_62-1
Resnik, D. B. (2021) · The International Library of Bioethics · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-70791-0_6
Risk/benefit trade-offs in rheumatology: rofecoxib revisited in the era of JAK inhibitors
Hazlewood, G. S. (2023) · Lara D. Veeken · doi:10.1093/rheumatology/kead388
Allchin, D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197827703.003.0003
Allchin, D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197827703.002.0005
Allchin, D. (2025) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/9780197827703.003.0001
- Authors
- Curfman, G. D., Morrissey, S., & Drazen, J. M.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-03-16
- Volume
- 354
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1193-1193
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1998613929
- Cited by
- 109
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2025: 14 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 6
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Pharmaceutical industry and healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Inflammatory mediators and NSAID effects
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
- Keywords
- rofecoxib, VIGOR trial, cardiovascular adverse events, drug safety, publication integrity, expression of concern
- MeSH terms
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid, Cardiovascular Diseases, Gastrointestinal Diseases, Humans, Lactones, Myocardial Infarction, Naproxen, Research Design, Sulfones, Thromboembolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review