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A Comparison of Warfarin and Aspirin for the Prevention of Recurrent Ischemic Stroke
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Despite the use of antiplatelet agents, usually aspirin, in patients who have had an ischemic stroke, there is still a substantial rate of recurrence. Therefore, we investigated whether warfarin, which is effective and superior to aspirin in the prevention of cardiogenic embolism, would also prove superior in the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with a prior noncardioembolic ischemic stroke. METHODS: In a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial, we compared the effect of warfarin (at a dose adjusted to produce an international normalized ratio of 1.4 to 2.8) and that of aspirin (325 mg per day) on the combined primary end point of recurrent ischemic stroke or death from any cause within two years. RESULTS: The two randomized study groups were similar with respect to base-line risk factors. In the intention-to-treat analysis, no significant differences were found between the treatment groups in any of the outcomes measured. The primary end point of death or recurrent ischemic stroke was reached by 196 of 1103 patients assigned to warfarin (17.8 percent) and 176 of 1103 assigned to aspirin (16.0 percent; P=0.25; hazard ratio comparing warfarin with aspirin, 1.13; 95 percent confidence interval, 0.92 to 1.38). The rates of major hemorrhage were low (2.22 per 100 patient-years in the warfarin group and 1.49 per 100 patient-years in the aspirin group). Also, there were no significant treatment-related differences in the frequency of or time to the primary end point or major hemorrhage according to the cause of the initial stroke (1237 patients had had previous small-vessel or lacunar infarcts, 576 had had cryptogenic infarcts, and 259 had had infarcts designated as due to severe stenosis or occlusion of a large artery). CONCLUSIONS: Over two years, we found no difference between aspirin and warfarin in the prevention of recurrent ischemic stroke or death or in the rate of major hemorrhage. Consequently, we regard both warfarin and aspirin as reasonable therapeutic alternatives.
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“In such patients oral vitamin K antagonists are not superior to aspirin but are associated with a higher bleeding risk.512,513”
From European Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice (version 2012) (2012) · cites this paper as [512]
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Algra, A., de Schryver, E. L. L. M., van Gijn, J., Kappelle, L. J., & Koudstaal, P. J. (2006) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001342.pub2 · Cited by 77
Current Status of Stroke Risk Stratification in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Hart, R. G., & Pearce, L. A. (2009) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.109.549428 · Cited by 74
Morimoto, T., Fukui, T., Lee, T. H.-Y., & Matsui, K. (2004) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.04.017 · Cited by 75
Patent Foramen Ovale and Stroke
Horton, S. C., & Bunch, T. J. (2004) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/79.1.79 · Cited by 75
“Given the failure of both aspirin and warfarin to prevent strokes in this group, this recommendation seems straightforward.(32) As further clinical studies become available, the risk-benefit analysis for closure in other subsets of patients will likely broaden.”
BackgroundACCF/SCAI/SVMB/SIR/ASITN 2007 Clinical Expert Consensus Document on Carotid Stenting
Bates, E., Babb, C. J. D., Casey, D. E., Cates, C. U., Duckwiler, G., Feldman, T. E., Gray, W. A., Ouriel, K., Peterson, E. D., Rosenfield, K., et al. (2007) · Vascular Medicine · doi:10.1177/1358863x06076103 · Cited by 74
Disability Trajectories Before and After Stroke and Myocardial Infarction
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Bertaglia, E., Blank, B., Blomström‐Lundqvist, C., Brandes, A., Cabanelas, N., Dan, G. A., Dichtl, W., Goette, A., de Groot, J. R., Lubiński, A., et al. (2019) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euz172 · Cited by 72
“8] over 325 mg aspirin per day after a noncardioembolic ischaemic stroke in patients without AF within 2 years.(71) In patients with a recent embolic stroke of undetermined source, the NAVIGATE ESUS trial has been stopped in 2017 due to no efficacy improvement of 15 mg rivaroxaban over 100 mg aspirin daily, with an in…”
BackgroundEarly Elevated Troponin Levels After Ischemic Stroke Suggests a Cardioembolic Source
Yaghi, S. R., Chang, A., Ricci, B. A., Jayaraman, M. V., McTaggart, R., Hemendinger, M., Narwal, P., Dakay, K. B., Grory, B. M., Cutting, S. M., et al. (2017) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.117.019395 · Cited by 72
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The Antiphospholipid Syndrome as a Neurological Disease
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“against ischemic cardiovascular events (26,30,61).”
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“Other agents have also proven to be unhelpful in the setting of focal ischemia despite acute intervention. These can be mapped relative to their presumed cellular target(s) in the neurovascular unit (fig. 1 ). While many agents with putative neuron protectant activity have been shown to reduce neuron injury in vitro o…”
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Effect of apixaban on brain infarction and microbleeds: AVERROES-MRI assessment study
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Antithrombotic Therapy to Prevent Recurrent Strokes in Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease
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“WARSS (5) Ischemic stroke within 30 days 2,206 Warfarin vs.”
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“org September 15, 2016 e26(1) Cryptogenic Stroke”
Metadata
- Authors
- Mohr, J. P., Thompson, J. L. P., Lazar, R. M., Levin, B., Sacco, R. L., Furie, K. L., Kistler, J. P., Albers, G. W., Pettigrew, L. C., Adams, H. P., Jackson, C. M., & Pullicino, P.
- Affiliations
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center (US)
- Massachusetts General Hospital (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- University of Kentucky (US)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2001-11-15
- Volume
- 345
- Issue
- 20
- Pages
- 1444-1451
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W2027538725
- Cited by
- 1,168
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 50 · 2015: 41 · 2014: 54 · 2013: 39 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 54.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Kent Academic Repository (University of Kent) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Yale University
- University of Southern California
- Vanderbilt University
- University of Miami
- Wayne State University
- Cleveland Clinic
- Cleveland Clinic Foundation
- Johns Hopkins University
- Hennepin County Medical Center
- University of South Alabama
- York University
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS028371)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Antiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
- Keywords
- warfarin, aspirin, recurrent ischemic stroke, secondary stroke prevention, antiplatelet therapy, major bleeding, non-cardioembolic stroke, lacunar infarction, cryptogenic stroke, international normalized ratio, anticoagulation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Anticoagulants, Aspirin, Brain Ischemia, Double-Blind Method, Female, Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Risk Factors, Warfarin, International Normalized Ratio, Stroke, Secondary Prevention
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