Cited by 5,164Atrial Fibrillation Management and OutcomesVenous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and ManagementAcute Ischemic Stroke Management

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Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

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Giugliano, Robert P., Ruff, Christian T., Braunwald, Eugene, Murphy, Sabina A., Wiviott, Stephen D., Halperin, Jonathan L., Waldo, Albert L., Ezekowitz, Michael D., Weitz, Jeffrey I., Špinar, Jindřich, Ruzyllo, Witold, Ruda, Mikhail, Koretsune, Yukihiro, Betcher, Joshua, Shi, Minggao, Grip, Laura T., Patel, Shirali P., Patel, Indravadan, Hanyok, James J., Mercuri, Michele, Antman, Elliott M.·2013·New England Journal of Medicine

DOI 10.1056/nejmoa1310907

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Edoxaban is a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor with proven antithrombotic effects. The long-term efficacy and safety of edoxaban as compared with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation is not known. METHODS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial comparing two once-daily regimens of edoxaban with warfarin in 21,105 patients with moderate-to-high-risk atrial fibrillation (median follow-up, 2.8 years). The primary efficacy end point was stroke or systemic embolism. Each edoxaban regimen was tested for noninferiority to warfarin during the treatment period. The principal safety end point was major bleeding. RESULTS: The annualized rate of the primary end point during treatment was 1.50% with warfarin (median time in the therapeutic range, 68.4%), as compared with 1.18% with high-dose edoxaban (hazard ratio, 0.79; 97.5% confidence interval [CI], 0.63 to 0.99; P<0.001 for noninferiority) and 1.61% with low-dose edoxaban (hazard ratio, 1.07; 97.5% CI, 0.87 to 1.31; P=0.005 for noninferiority). In the intention-to-treat analysis, there was a trend favoring high-dose edoxaban versus warfarin (hazard ratio, 0.87; 97.5% CI, 0.73 to 1.04; P=0.08) and an unfavorable trend with low-dose edoxaban versus warfarin (hazard ratio, 1.13; 97.5% CI, 0.96 to 1.34; P=0.10). The annualized rate of major bleeding was 3.43% with warfarin versus 2.75% with high-dose edoxaban (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71 to 0.91; P<0.001) and 1.61% with low-dose edoxaban (hazard ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.41 to 0.55; P<0.001). The corresponding annualized rates of death from cardiovascular causes were 3.17% versus 2.74% (hazard ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.97; P=0.01), and 2.71% (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76 to 0.96; P=0.008), and the corresponding rates of the key secondary end point (a composite of stroke, systemic embolism, or death from cardiovascular causes) were 4.43% versus 3.85% (hazard ratio, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.96; P=0.005), and 4.23% (hazard ratio, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.86 to 1.05; P=0.32). CONCLUSIONS: Both once-daily regimens of edoxaban were noninferior to warfarin with respect to the prevention of stroke or systemic embolism and were associated with significantly lower rates of bleeding and death from cardiovascular causes. (Funded by Daiichi Sankyo Pharma Development; ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00781391.).

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Underuse of Vitamin K Antagonist and Direct Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Contemporary Review
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Andexanet alfa effectively reverses edoxaban anticoagulation effects and associated bleeding in a rabbit acute hemorrhage model
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“In the NMA-based analysis, transition probabilities were based on the clinical event risks in patients receiving apixaban and a VKA (warfarin) in the ARISTOTLE trial [14]. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222658.g001 PLOS ONE | https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222658 September 17, 2019 4 / 17 Hazard ratios c…”
MethodInfluential
Characteristics and outcomes in patients with atrial fibrillation receiving direct oral anticoagulants in off-label doses
Briasoulis, Α., Gao, Y., Inampudi, C., Alvarez, P. A., Asleh, R., Chrischilles, E. A., Leira, E. C. C., & Vaughan‐Sarrazin, M. (2020) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/s12872-020-01340-4 · Cited by 33
Efficacy and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and Liver Disease: a Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review
Huang, Z.-C., Li, C., Liu, X., Zhong-chao, C., Jia, H., Dong, Y., Liu, T., & Sun, J. (2020) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-020-07065-y · Cited by 33
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Obese Patients with Atrial Fibrillation
Briasoulis, Α., Mentias, A. G., Mazur, A., Alvarez, P. A., Leira, E. C. C., & Vaughan‐Sarrazin, M. (2021) · Cardiovascular Drugs and Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10557-020-07126-2 · Cited by 35
Early Apixaban Use Following Stroke in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
Labovitz, A. J., Rose, D. Z., Fradley, M. G., Meriwether, J. N., Renati, S., Martin, R. C., Kasprowicz, T., Murtagh, R. D., Kip, K. E., Beckie, T. M., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.120.030042 · Cited by 33
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Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation
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“The dose of rivaroxaban undertaken in the ROCKET AF trial (20 mg once daily) was empirically chosen, based on its dose used in the EINSTEIN VTE trial, whereas the doses used in the RE-LY, ARISTOTLE, and ENGAGE-AF trials were supported by their individual phase II dose ranging trials.(4,37,38,48) There are major differ…”
Method
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Junior, A. A. D. P. F., Ruff, C. T., Morrow, D. A., Murphy, S. A., Palazzolo, M. G., Chen, C. Z., Jarolı́m, P., Antman, E. M., Braunwald, E., & Giugliano, R. P. (2023) · International Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijcard.2023.05.031 · Cited by 35
Severity and Functional Outcome of Patients with Cardioembolic Stroke Occurring during Non-vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulant Treatment
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A Propensity Score Matched Comparison of Clinical Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Taking Vitamin K Antagonists: Comparing the “Real-World” vs Clinical Trials
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Meta-analysis of Antithrombotic Therapy in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Kuno, T., Ueyama, H. A., Takagi, H., Ando, T., Numasawa, Y., Briasoulis, Α., Fox, J., & Bangalore, S. (2019) · The American Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.amjcard.2019.11.022 · Cited by 32
Evidence-based treatment of atrial fibrillation around the globe: comparison of the latest ESC, AHA/ACC/HRS, and CCS guidelines on the management of atrial fibrillation
Wolfes, J., Ellermann, C., Frommeyer, G., & Eckardt, L. (2022) · Reviews in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.31083/j.rcm2302056 · Cited by 32
Comparative differences in the risk of major gastrointestinal bleeding among different direct oral anticoagulants: An updated traditional and Bayesian network meta-analysis
Chen, X., Wang, L., Li, H., Huang, W., Zhao, L., & Guo, W. (2023) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2022.1049283 · Cited by 37
Proton pump inhibitors and gastroprotection in patients treated with antithrombotic drugs: A cardiologic point of view
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“…trials ( RCTs ) demonstrating the efficacy of vitamin K antagonists ( VKAs ) for thromboembolic prevention are lacking and dialysis patients were excluded from RCTs that allowed direct oral anticoagulants ( DOACs ) to be included in the guidelines for thromboembolism prevention in AF [ 4 –7 ].”
Background
Heart Failure Risk Assessment Using Biomarkers in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Analysis From COMBINE-AF.
Haller, P., Jarolím, P., Palazzolo, M., Bellavia, A., Antman, E., Eikelboom, J., Granger, C. B., Harrington, J. L., Healey, J., Hijazi, Z., et al. (2024) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2024.07.023 · Cited by 33
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Lip, G. Y. H., Merino, J. L., Ezekowitz, M. D., Ellenbogen, K. A., Zamoryakhin, D., Lanz, H., Jin, J., Al-Saadi, N., Mercuri, M. F., & Goette, A. (2015) · American Heart Journal · doi:10.1016/j.ahj.2015.02.009 · Cited by 32
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Kohli, P., Whelton, S. P., Hsu, S., Yancy, C. W., Stone, N. J., Chrispin, J., Gilotra, N. A., Houston, B. A., Ashen, M. D., Martin, S. S., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.114.001098 · Cited by 32
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Krekels, E. H. J., Niebecker, R., Karlsson, M. O., Miller, R., Shimizu, T., Karlsson, K. E., Ruff, C. T., Simonsson, U. S. H., & Jönsson, S. (2016) · Clinical Pharmacokinetics · doi:10.1007/s40262-016-0378-3 · Cited by 32
Patient-Reported Treatment Satisfaction with Rivaroxaban for Stroke Prevention in Atrial Fibrillation. A French Observational Study, the SAFARI Study
Hanon, O., Chaussade, E., Gueranger, P., Gruson, E., Bonan, S., & Gay, A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166218 · Cited by 32
Use of direct oral anticoagulants in patients with atrial fibrillation in Scotland: Applying a coherent framework to drug utilisation studies
Mueller, T., Alvarez‐Madrazo, S., Robertson, C., & Bennie, M. (2017) · Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety · doi:10.1002/pds.4272 · Cited by 32
Safety and Efficacy of Novel Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Medicare Beneficiaries With Atrial Fibrillation and Valvular Heart Disease
Briasoulis, Α., Inampudi, C., Akintoye, E. O., Alvarez, P. A., Panaich, S., & Vaughan‐Sarrazin, M. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.118.008773 · Cited by 33
Reducing risk of spinal haematoma from spinal and epidural pain procedures
Breivik, H., Norum, H. M., Eriksen, C. F., Alahuhta, S., Vigfússon, G., Thomas, O. D., & Lagerkranser, M. (2018) · Scandinavian Journal of Pain · doi:10.1515/sjpain-2018-0041 · Cited by 32
Is the prescription right? A review of non-vitamin K antagonist anticoagulant (NOAC) prescriptions in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation. Safe prescribing in atrial fibrillation and evaluation of non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants in stroke prevention (SAFE-NOACS) group
Pharithi, R. B., Ranganathan, D., O’Brien, J., Egom, E. E. A., Burke, C., Ryan, D., McAuliffe, C. E., Vaughan, M., Coughlan, T., Morrissey, E., et al. (2018) · Irish Journal of Medical Science (1971 -) · doi:10.1007/s11845-018-1837-7 · Cited by 32
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Background
Causes and Secondary Prevention of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Adults
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Atzema, C. L., Jackevicius, C. A., Chong, A. S., Dorian, P., Ivers, N. M., Parkash, R., & Austin, P. C. (2019) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.190747 · Cited by 32
Meta-Analysis Comparing Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Morbidly Obese Patients With Atrial Fibrillation
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Ethnic Differences in Oral Antithrombotic Therapy
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Association of Risk of Dementia With Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin Use in Patients With Non-valvular Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
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Authors: Giugliano, R. P., Ruff, C. T., Braunwald, E., Murphy, S. A., Wiviott, S. D., Halperin, J. L., Waldo, A. L., Ezekowitz, M. D., Weitz, J. I., Špinar, J., Ruzyllo, W., Ruda, M., Koretsune, Y., Betcher, J., Shi, M., Grip, L. T., Patel, S. P., Patel, I., Hanyok, J. J., Mercuri, M., & Antman, E. M.
Affiliations: Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center (US)
McMaster University (CA)
National Medical Research Center of Cardiology (RU)
Osaka National Hospital (JP)
IQVIA (United States) (US)
Daiichi Sankyo (United States) (US)
ORCID: Giugliano, Robert P.
Ruff, Christian T.
Wiviott, Stephen D.
Halperin, Jonathan L.
Weitz, Jeffrey I.
Špinar, Jindřich
Patel, Indravadan
Mercuri, Michele
Antman, Elliott M.
Venue: New England Journal of Medicine
Publisher: Massachusetts Medical Society
Published: 2013-11-28
Volume: 369
Issue: 22
Pages: 2093-2104
ISSN: 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
1533-4406
DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1310907
OpenAlex: W2096246254
Cited by: 5,164
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 201 · 2025: 280 · 2024: 344 · 2023: 419 · 2022: 405 · 2021: 469 · 2020: 505 · 2019: 443 · 2018: 487 · 2017: 454 · 2016: 494 · 2015: 378 · 2014: 266 · 2013: 12
FWCI: 260.36
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Locations: New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Discovery Research Portal (University of Dundee) (publishedVersion)
Pure Amsterdam UMC (publishedVersion)
Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
HAL (submittedVersion)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
IRIS UNIMORE (University of Modena and Reggio Emilia) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Bristol-Myers Squibb
Eli Lilly and Company
Pfizer
AstraZeneca
Sanofi
Gilead Sciences
AtriCure
Boston Scientific Corporation
Medicines Company
Janssen Scientific Affairs
Bayer HealthCare
Eisai
St. Jude Medical
Biosense Webster
Janssen Pharmaceuticals
Daiichi Sankyo Europe
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes
Health Sciences › Medicine › Internal Medicine › Venous Thromboembolism Diagnosis and Management
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Acute Ischemic Stroke Management
Keywords: edoxaban, warfarin, atrial fibrillation, direct oral anticoagulants, factor Xa inhibitors, stroke and systemic embolism, major bleeding, non-inferiority, oral anticoagulation, time in therapeutic range, anticoagulant efficacy and safety, once-daily dosing
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Anticoagulants, Atrial Fibrillation, Cardiovascular Diseases, Double-Blind Method, Embolism, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Hemorrhage, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Pyridines, Thiazoles, Warfarin, Stroke, Kaplan-Meier Estimate

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Edoxaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

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