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Radiation with or without Antiandrogen Therapy in Recurrent Prostate Cancer
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Salvage radiation therapy is often necessary in men who have undergone radical prostatectomy and have evidence of prostate-cancer recurrence signaled by a persistently or recurrently elevated prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level. Whether antiandrogen therapy with radiation therapy will further improve cancer control and prolong overall survival is unknown. METHODS: In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial conducted from 1998 through 2003, we assigned 760 eligible patients who had undergone prostatectomy with a lymphadenectomy and had disease, as assessed on pathological testing, with a tumor stage of T2 (confined to the prostate but with a positive surgical margin) or T3 (with histologic extension beyond the prostatic capsule), no nodal involvement, and a detectable PSA level of 0.2 to 4.0 ng per milliliter to undergo radiation therapy and receive either antiandrogen therapy (24 months of bicalutamide at a dose of 150 mg daily) or daily placebo tablets during and after radiation therapy. The primary end point was the rate of overall survival. RESULTS: The median follow-up among the surviving patients was 13 years. The actuarial rate of overall survival at 12 years was 76.3% in the bicalutamide group, as compared with 71.3% in the placebo group (hazard ratio for death, 0.77; 95% confidence interval, 0.59 to 0.99; P=0.04). The 12-year incidence of death from prostate cancer, as assessed by means of central review, was 5.8% in the bicalutamide group, as compared with 13.4% in the placebo group (P<0.001). The cumulative incidence of metastatic prostate cancer at 12 years was 14.5% in the bicalutamide group, as compared with 23.0% in the placebo group (P=0.005). The incidence of late adverse events associated with radiation therapy was similar in the two groups. Gynecomastia was recorded in 69.7% of the patients in the bicalutamide group, as compared with 10.9% of those in the placebo group (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The addition of 24 months of antiandrogen therapy with daily bicalutamide to salvage radiation therapy resulted in significantly higher rates of long-term overall survival and lower incidences of metastatic prostate cancer and death from prostate cancer than radiation therapy plus placebo. (Funded by the National Cancer Institute and AstraZeneca; RTOG 9601 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00002874 .).
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“Multiple phase 3 clinical trials have demonstrated the benefit of AR-targeted therapies on patient survival9–18.”
From Genome-scale CRISPR screens identify PTGES3 as a direct modulator of androgen receptor function in advanced prostate cancer (2025) · cites this paper as [13]
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“This is particularly important given that the use of ADT and its duration in the post-RP setting has been shown in two prospective randomized trials(18,19) to be associated with the reduction of metastasis-free survival and in addition prolongation in overall survival in one study.(20) Third, during the conduct of the…”
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“Likewise, radiotherapy plays a pivotal role in achieving tumor control in patients with persistent or recurrent prostatespecific antigen (PSA) after radical prostatectomy (3).”
BackgroundXie, W., Regan, M. M., Buyse, M. E., Halabi, S., Kantoff, P. W., Sartor, O. A., Soule, H. R., Berry, D. A., Clarke, N. W., Collette, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1200/jco.19.03114 · Cited by 58
“However, for an ICE to serve as a good surrogate for OS, there must be no confounding from salvage therapy for relapsed disease that can either cure the disease and/or prolong postrelapse survival to the point that competing risks of death affect the analysis.(22-27) Salvage prostate bed radiation after a prostatectom…”
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DNA Damage Response in Prostate CancerPreprint
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“…advanced PCa, the standard of care is radiation therapy in conjunction with ADT based on significant survival benefits seen in large phase 3 clinical trials (Bolla et al. 1997, 2013; Widmark et al. 2009; Warde et al. 2011), including most recently the phase 3 RTOG 9601 (Shipley et al. 2017).”
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Dual-resonance optical fiber lossy mode resonance immunoprobe for serum PSA detection
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“The concentration of PSA is 0~4 ng/mL in the serum of healthy individuals, while a concentration of serum PSA greater than 4 ng/mL indicates a risk of PCa (McKiernan et al., 2016; Shipley et al., 2017).”
Müller, J., Ferraro, D. A., Muehlematter, U. J., Schüler, H. I. G., Kedzia, S., Eberli, D., Gückenberger, M., Kroeze, S. G. C., Sulser, T., SCHMID, D. M., et al. (2018) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-018-4203-0 · Cited by 56
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“001).(86) The randomised phase III GETUG-AFU 16 trial showed ADT to improve metastasis-free survival (HR 0.”
BackgroundLocalized and Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer: Treatment Options
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“Participants were also counseled about the positive survival results of the NRG/RTOG 96-01 clinical trial and elected to forgo treatment with high-dose bicalutimide.(15)”
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RetractedThe contemporary management of prostate cancer
Chakrabarti, D., Albertsen, P. C., Adkins, A., Kishan, A. U., Murthy, V., Parker, C. C., Pathmanathan, A. U., Reid, A. H. M., Sartor, O., van As, N. J., et al. (2025) · CA A Cancer Journal for Clinicians · doi:10.3322/caac.70020 · Cited by 50
Self-citationDelineating sites of failure following post-prostatectomy radiation treatment using 68 Ga-PSMA-PET
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Assessment of biochemical recurrence of prostate cancer (Review)
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“It appears that SRT plus hormone therapy (bicalutamide) improved the outcome (258,259).”
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“BCR after definitive therapy is common, especially in higher-risk disease, and may affect more than 50% of patients over the long term (2,3).”
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Metabolic response to radiation therapy in cancer
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“The RTOG 9601 trial, which tested androgen blockade using bicalutamide monotherapy rather than testosterone suppression using GnRH therapy, reported an improvement in overall survival (HR = 0.77) as well as MFS [10].”
InfluentialGalectins in prostate and bladder cancer: tumorigenic roles and clinical opportunities
Martínez‐Bosch, N., Rodríguez‐Vida, A., Juanpere-Rodero, N., Lloreta, J., Rovira, A., Albanell, J., Joaquim Bellmunt, B., & Navarro, P. (2019) · Nature Reviews Urology · doi:10.1038/s41585-019-0183-5 · Cited by 34
Management Options for Biochemically Recurrent Prostate Cancer
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“publications of RTOG 96-01 [10] and GETUG-AFU 16 [11], the benefit of ADT with postprostatectomy RT is becoming more established; however, neither evaluated WPRT.”
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Stereotactic radiotherapy for prostate bed recurrence after prostatectomy, a multicentric series
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Metadata
- Authors
- Shipley, W. U., Seiferheld, W., Lukka, H. R., Major, P. P., Heney, N. M., Grignon, D. J., Sartor, O., Patel, M. P., Bahary, J.-P., Zietman, A. L., Pisansky, T. M., Zeitzer, K. L., Lawton, C. A. F., Feng, F. Y., Lovett, R. D., Balogh, A. G., Souhami, L., Rosenthal, S. A., Kerlin, K. J., Dignam, J. J., Pugh, S. L., & Sandler, H. M.
- Affiliations
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Tulane University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2017-02-02
- Volume
- 376
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 417-428
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC5444881
- OpenAlex
- W2585109238
- Cited by
- 663
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 63 · 2021: 84 · 2020: 81 · 2019: 86 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 68
- FWCI
- 70.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (UG1CA189867, U10CA180868, U10CA180801, U10CA021661, U10CA180822)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Urology › Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Prostate Cancer Treatment and Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Breast Cancer Treatment Studies
- Keywords
- recurrent prostate cancer, salvage radiotherapy, antiandrogen therapy, bicalutamide, prostate-specific antigen, radical prostatectomy, overall survival, metastatic prostate cancer, gynecomastia, androgen deprivation therapy, lymph node dissection, long-term follow-up
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Androgen Antagonists, Anilides, Combined Modality Therapy, Double-Blind Method, Follow-Up Studies, Gynecomastia, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Neoplasm Metastasis, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Neoplasm Staging, Nitriles, Prostatectomy, Prostatic Neoplasms, Radiotherapy, Tosyl Compounds, Incidence, Survival Rate, Kaplan-Meier Estimate
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