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Five-Year Survival with Combined Nivolumab and Ipilimumab in Advanced Melanoma
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUNDNivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone resulted in longer progression-free and overall survival than ipilimumab alone in a trial involving patients with advanced melanoma.We now report 5-year outcomes in the trial. METHODSWe randomly assigned patients with previously untreated advanced melanoma to receive one of the following regimens: nivolumab (at a dose of 1 mg per kilogram of body weight) plus ipilimumab (3 mg per kilogram) every 3 weeks for four doses, followed by nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram every 2 weeks); nivolumab (3 mg per kilogram every 2 weeks) plus ipilimumab-matched placebo; or ipilimumab (3 mg per kilogram every 3 weeks for four doses) plus nivolumab-matched placebo.The two primary end points were progression-free survival and overall survival in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and in the nivolumab group, as compared with the ipilimumab group. RESULTSAt a minimum follow-up of 60 months, the median overall survival was more than 60.0 months (median not reached) in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and 36.9 months in the nivolumab group, as compared with 19.9 months in the ipilimumab group (hazard ratio for death with nivolumab plus ipilimumab vs. ipilimumab, 0.52; hazard ratio for death with nivolumab vs. ipilimumab, 0.63).Overall survival at 5 years was 52% in the nivolumab-plus-ipilimumab group and 44% in the nivolumab group, as compared with 26% in the ipilimumab group.No sustained deterioration of health-related quality of life was observed during or after treatment with nivolumab plus ipilimumab or with nivolumab alone.No new late toxic effects were noted. CONCLUSIONSAmong patients with advanced melanoma, sustained long-term overall survival at 5 years was observed in a greater percentage of patients who received nivolumab plus ipilimumab or nivolumab alone than in those who received ipilimumab alone, with no apparent loss of quality of life in the patients who received regimens containing nivolumab.(Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and others; CheckMate 067 ClinicalTrials.govnumber, NCT01844505.
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“In many cancers, nivolumab in combination with ipilimumab improves response rates compared to either agent alone, but the combination has not been evaluated in childhood cancer.”
From A Phase I/II Trial of Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Children and Young Adults with Relapsed/Refractory Solid Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Study ADVL1412 (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
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“Nivolumab, a PD-1 inhibitor, in combination with ipilimumab, a CTLA-4 inhibitor, has shown favourable efficacy outcomes and manageable safety profiles across multiple tumour types.”
From Nivolumab plus ipilimumab versus lenvatinib or sorafenib as first-line treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (CheckMate 9DW): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial (2025) · cites this paper as [12]
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“While immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have greatly enhanced clinical outcomes across multiple cancer types,1, 2, 3”
From irAE-GPT: leveraging large language models to identify immune-related adverse events in electronic health records and clinical trial datasets (2026) · cites this paper as [3]
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“In unresectable or metastatic melanoma, overall survival at 5 years is 52% following nivolumab plus ipilimumab compared to 44% for nivolumab alone and 26% for ipilimumab alone12,13.”
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In the citing paper
“Evidence for benefit of nivolumab plus ipilimumab compared to single agent ICI has also been demonstrated in patients with advanced renal cell cancer, microsatellite high/deficient mismatch repair (MSI-hi/dMMR) metastatic colorectal cancer12,14,15, hepatocellular carcinoma16, and non-small cell, EGFR/ALK wild type lung cancer17–19.”
From A Phase I/II Trial of Nivolumab plus Ipilimumab in Children and Young Adults with Relapsed/Refractory Solid Tumors: A Children's Oncology Group Study ADVL1412 (2022) · cites this paper as [12]
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In the citing paper
“Melanomas and urothelial carcinomas that are intrinsically resistant to anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapy show elevated TGF-β signaling, particularly in the stromal compartment of immune excluded tumors21,77,228,361.”
From TGFβ biology in cancer progression and immunotherapy (2021) · cites this paper as [361]
In the citing paper
“Multiple clinical trials with combined blockade of CTLA4 and PD-1/PD-L1 demonstrated higher response rates than either monotherapy, in different cancer types including melanoma ( 54, 55 ), hepatocellular carcinoma ( 56 ), renal cell carcinoma (RCC; refs.57, 58 ), NSCLC ( 59 ), malignant pleural mesothelioma ( 60 ), and colorectal cancer (MSI-H/dMMR; ref. 61 ).”
From The Next Decade of Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Long-term follow-up has demonstrated durable survival benefi t for a subset of patients with melanoma and RCC, and combination therapy with ICT is under active investigation for a number of tumor types ( 55,58 ).”
From The Next Decade of Immune Checkpoint Therapy (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
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“Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 agents pared with chemotherapy have also improved response rates and survival in many diseases including lung cancer, triple negative breast cancer, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and others.12–14”
From Endocrine toxicities of immune checkpoint inhibitors (2021) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“The results of CheckMate-069, CheckMate-067, and CheckMate-142 showed that ipilimumab plus nivolumab significantly improved the outcomes of patients, relative to ipilimumab or nivolumab monotherapies [132–134].”
From Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions (2022) · cites this paper as [133]
In the citing paper
“Until now, the FDA has approved the ipilimumab plus nivolumab for melanoma, RCC, MSI-H/dMMR colorectal cancer, HCC, PD-L1 positive NSCLC, and malignant pleural mesothelioma (Table 5) [132–138].”
From Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions (2022) · cites this paper as [133]
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Self-citation18 F‐FDG PET / CT features of immune‐related adverse events and pitfalls following immunotherapy
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“Notably, the rate for complete response to nivolumab rose from 11% at first-year follow-up to 21% after 47 months, which is indicative of long-term benefit with a slow burn to reach peak effect [11].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Melanoma Progression
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Classic and new strategies for the treatment of advanced melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancer
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Immunotherapy around the Clock: Impact of Infusion Timing on Stage IV Melanoma Outcomes
Gonçalves, L., Gonçalves, D., Esteban-Casanelles, T., Barroso, T., de Pinho, I. S., Lopes-Brás, R., Esperança‐Martins, M., Patel, V., Torres, S., Sousa, R., et al. (2023) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells12162068 · Cited by 38
“Notwithstanding the significant progress, the prognosis of these patients remains dismal, with a 5-year OS just over 50% with the antiCTLA-4/anti-PD-1 combination [13,14], with a considerable number of patients presenting as non-responders.”
BackgroundBorghaei, H., Ciuleanu, T., Lee, J.-S., Płużański, A., Caro, R. B., Gutierrez, M. E., Ohe, Y., Nishio, M., Goldman, J. W., Ready, N., et al. (2022) · Annals of Oncology · doi:10.1016/j.annonc.2022.11.006 · Cited by 35
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Nivolumab Plus Ipilimumab vs Nivolumab Alone in Advanced Cancers Other Than Melanoma
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Ferroptosis as a promising therapeutic strategy for melanoma
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“Over the last decade, anti-programmed cell death 1 (PD1) antibodies (Abs) and ICIs, in combination with or without another drugs such as anti-CTLA-4 Abs, have been widely used for the treatment of advanced and metastatic melanoma (Larkin et al., 2015; Larkin et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSmall molecule inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy and associated biomarkers – the current status
Schlicher, L., Green, L. G., Romagnani, A., & Renner, F. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297175 · Cited by 34
“So far, successful combinations include the regimen anti-PD1/anti-CTLA4 (nivolumab, ipilimumab) and anti-PD1/anti-LAG-3, respectively (nivolumab, relatilimab) (216, 217).”
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Targeted and immunotherapies in BRAF mutant melanoma: where we stand and what to expect
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Uncoupling Therapeutic Efficacy from Immune-Related Adverse Events in Immune Checkpoint Blockade
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Facts and Hopes in Prediction, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Immune-Related Adverse Events
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Immunomodulatory Properties of Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors—More than Boosting T-Cell Responses?
Kuske, M., Haist, M., Jung, T., Grabbe, S., & Bros, M. (2022) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers14071710 · Cited by 38
Chan, D. L. H., Rodríguez-Freixinós, V., Doherty, M. K., Wasson, K., Iscoe, N. A., Raskin, W., Hallet, J. I., Myrehaug, S. D., Law, C. H. L., Thawer, A., et al. (2022) · European Journal of Cancer · doi:10.1016/j.ejca.2022.03.029 · Cited by 37
Targeting the Epigenome in Malignant Melanoma: Facts, Challenges and Therapeutic Promises
Anestopoulos, I., Kyriakou, S., Tragkola, V., Paraskevaidis, I., Tzika, E., Mitsiogianni, M., Deligiorgi, M. V., Petrakis, G., Trafalis, D. T., Botaitis, S., et al. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301 · Cited by 36
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“In melanoma, the combined inhibition of PD-1 and CTLA-4 or LAG3 highlighted the clinical potential of combining immunother-apeutic agents with synergistic mechanisms of action 6,7 .”
BackgroundImmune checkpoint inhibitors in metastatic melanoma therapy (Review)
Shah, V., Panchal, V. S., Shah, A., Vyas, B., Agrawal, S. P., & Bharadwaj, S. P. (2024) · Medicine International · doi:10.3892/mi.2024.137 · Cited by 37
“As previously demonstrated, the advancement of melanoma was comparable with aging, although the treatment outcome did not differ significantly, and there was no significant change in the survival outcomes of elderly patients as compared to young ones.”
Goessinger, E., Niederfeilner, J.-C., Cerminara, S., Maul, J., Kostner, L., Kunz, M., Huber, S., Koral, E., Habermacher, L., Sabato, G., et al. (2024) · Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology · doi:10.1111/jdv.19905 · Cited by 29
PAMAM-Based Polymeric Immunogenic Cell Death Inducer To Potentiate Cancer Immunotherapy
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Mehta, A., Motavaf, M., Nebo, I. D., Luyten, S., Osei-Opare, K. D., & Gru, A. A. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14041200 · Cited by 38
“Landmark trials such as CheckMate-067 and KEYNOTE-006 demonstrated unprecedented response rates in patients with metastatic melanoma, significantly improving overall and progression-free survival [18,19].”
Vivaldi, C., Catanese, S., Massa, V., Pecora, I., Salani, F., Santi, S., Lencioni, M., Vasile, E., Falcone, A., & Fornaro, L. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21051658 · Cited by 34
Multiple Primary Melanoma Incidence Trends Over Five Decades: A Nationwide Population-Based Study
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Fructose Promotes Cytoprotection in Melanoma Tumors and Resistance to Immunotherapy
Kuehm, L. M., Khojandi, N., Piening, A., Klevorn, L. E., Geraud, S. C., McLaughlin, N. R., Griffett, K., Burris, T. P., Pyles, K. D., Nelson, A. M., et al. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0396 · Cited by 35
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Find the Flame: Predictive Biomarkers for Immunotherapy in Melanoma
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Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Glioblastoma
Karschnia, P., Teske, N., Thon, N., Subklewe, M. S., Tonn, J., Dietrich, J., & von Baumgarten, L. (2021) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000012193 · Cited by 36
The Functional Role of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Melanoma
Woźniak, M., & Czyż, M. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13194848 · Cited by 39
Balakrishnan, P. B., Ledezma, D. K., Cano‐Mejia, J., Andricovich, J., Palmer, E., Patel, V. A., Latham, P. S., Yvon, E. S., Villagra, A., Fernandes, R., et al. (2021) · Nano Research · doi:10.1007/s12274-021-3813-1 · Cited by 34
Immunotherapy to Avoid Orbital Exenteration in Patients With Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma
McLean, L. S., Lim, A. M. L., Webb, A., Cavanagh, K., Thai, A. A., Magarey, M. J. R., Fox, C., Kleid, S. M., & Rischin, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.796197 · Cited by 35
“In metastatic melanoma, the 5-year progression-free survival for combination ipilimumab/ nivolumab and nivolumab alone is 52% and 44% respectively, with median duration of response not yet reached (18).”
BackgroundMosaferi, T., Tsai, K., Sovich, S., Wilhalme, H. M., Kathuria‐Prakash, N., Praw, S. S., Drakaki, A., Angell, T. E., & Lechner, M. G. (2022) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2021.0685 · Cited by 36
“Combination refers to combined anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 and anti-CTLA-4 immunotherapy.”
InfluentialLiu, Y., Xu, Y., Cheng, X., Lin, Y., Jiang, S., Yu, H., Zhang, Z., Lu, L., & Zhang, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.862084 · Cited by 36
Harnessing the immunotherapeutic potential of CDK4/6 inhibitors in melanoma: is timing everything?
Lelliott, E. J., Sheppard, K. E., & McArthur, G. A. (2022) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-022-00273-9 · Cited by 34
Self-citationActivin-A impairs CD8 T cell-mediated immunity and immune checkpoint therapy response in melanoma
Pinjušić, K., Dubey, O., Egorova, O., Nassiri, S., Meylan, E., Faget, J., & Constam, D. B. (2022) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2022-004533 · Cited by 33
Advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy for melanoma (Review)
Qin, Z., & Zheng, M. (2023) · Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine · doi:10.3892/etm.2023.12115 · Cited by 36
Hamid, O., Hassel, J. C., Shoushtari, A. N., Meier, F. E., Bauer, T. M., Salama, A. K. S., Kirkwood, J. M., Ascierto, P. A., Lorigan, P. C., Mauch, C., et al. (2023) · Journal for ImmunoTherapy of Cancer · doi:10.1136/jitc-2023-006747 · Cited by 33
Self-citationDanielsen, J. T., Strøm, L., Knutzen, S. M., Schmidt, H., Amidi, A., Wu, L. M., & Zachariae, R. H. (2023) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.6184 · Cited by 36
“Treatment of melanoma has evolved considerably over the past decade, resulting in increases in overall survival, progression‐free survival, and objective response rates.(3,7,67,74) This underscores the urgent need for longitudinal research examining the side and late effects of current treatment strategies such as ICI…”
BackgroundImmunotherapies of acute myeloid leukemia: Rationale, clinical evidence and perspective
Wu, Y., Li, Y., Gao, Y., Zhang, P., Jing, Q., Zhang, Y., Jin, W., Wang, Y., Du, J., & Wu, G. (2024) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116132 · Cited by 35
Al-Karmalawy, A. A., Eissa, M. E., Ashour, N. A., Yousef, T. A., Khatib, A. O. A., & Hawas, S. S. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra05472a · Cited by 41
Contribution of Macrophages and T Cells in Skeletal Metastasis
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Immune checkpoint inhibitors in cancer immunotherapy
Himmel, M. E., Saibil, S. D., & Saltman, A. (2020) · Canadian Medical Association Journal · doi:10.1503/cmaj.191231 · Cited by 33
Takkenkamp, T. J., Jalving, M., Hoogwater, F. J. H., & Walenkamp, A. (2020) · Endocrine Related Cancer · doi:10.1530/erc-20-0113 · Cited by 34
Simultaneously Inhibiting BCL2 and MCL1 Is a Therapeutic Option for Patients with Advanced Melanoma
Mukherjee, N., Amato, C. M., Skees, J., Todd, K. J., Lambert, K. A., Robinson, W. A., Gulick, R. J. V., Weight, R. M., Dart, C. R., Tobin, R. P., et al. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12082182 · Cited by 35
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Self-citationRecent developments in cancer research: Expectations for a new remedy
Ando, K., Hu, Q., Kasagi, Y., Oki, E., & Mori, M. (2021) · Annals of Gastroenterological Surgery · doi:10.1002/ags3.12440 · Cited by 33
Guerrisi, A., Russillo, M., Loi, E., Ganeshan, B., Ungania, S., Desiderio, F., Bruzzaniti, V., Falcone, I., Renna, D., Ferraresi, V., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2021.704607 · Cited by 34
Current and Emerging Molecular Therapies for Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
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Branchoux, S., Sofeu, C. L., Gaudin, A.-F., Kurt, M., Moshyk, A., Italiano, A., Bellera, C. A., & Rondeau, V. (2021) · ESMO Open · doi:10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100340 · Cited by 32
“Design, population characteristics and outcomes have been described in detail previously.(2,24) Briefly, CheckMate 067 is a phase III, randomised, double-blind trial of nivolumab monotherapy or nivolumab plus ipilimumab combination versus ipilimumab monotherapy in subjects with previously untreated unresectable or met…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Larkin, J., Chiarion-Sileni, V., Gonzalez, R., Grob, J.-J., Rutkowski, P., Lao, C. D., Cowey, C. L., Schadendorf, D., Wagstaff, J., Dummer, R., Ferrucci, P. F., Smylie, M., Hogg, D., Hill, A., Márquez-Rodas, I., Haanen, J., Guidoboni, M., Maio, M., Schöffski, P., Carlino, M. S., Lebbé, C., McArthur, G., Ascierto, P. A., Daniels, G. A., Long, G. V., Bastholt, L., Rizzo, J. I., Balogh, A., Moshyk, A., Hodi, F. S., & Wolchok, J. D.
- Affiliations
- Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust (GB)
- From the Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust, London (J.L.), and the College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea (J.W.) — both in the United Kingdom; the Oncology Institute of Veneto IRCCS, Padua (V.C.-S.), the European Institute of Oncology, IRCCS, Milan (P.F.F.), Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS Fondazione Pascale, Naples (P.A.A.), the Immunotherapy and Somatic Cell Therapy Unit, IRCCS Istituto Scientifico Romagnolo per lo Studio e la Cura dei Tumori, Meldola (M.G.), and the Center for Immuno...
- University of Siena (IT)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Larkin, James
- Gonzalez, Rene
- Grob, Jean-Jacques
- Rutkowski, Piotr
- Schadendorf, Dirk
- Wagstaff, John
- Dummer, Reinhard
- Ferrucci, Pier F.
- Smylie, Michael
- Hogg, David
- Haanen, John
- Guidoboni, Massimo
- Maio, Michele
- Schöffski, Patrick
- Carlino, Matteo S.
- McArthur, Grant
- Ascierto, Paolo A.
- Daniels, Gregory A.
- Long, Georgina V.
- Bastholt, Lars
- Moshyk, Andriy
- Hodi, F. Stephen
- Wolchok, Jedd D.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2019-10-17
- Volume
- 381
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 1535-1546
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W3043703771
- Cited by
- 3,723
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 257 · 2025: 366 · 2024: 560 · 2023: 656 · 2022: 693 · 2021: 712 · 2020: 453 · 2019: 18
- FWCI
- 195.72
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- University of Southern Denmark Research Portal (University of Southern Denmark) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion)
- Institutional Research Information System University of Ferrara (University of Ferrara) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Use Siena air (University of Siena) (submittedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Amgen
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Eli Lilly and Company
- Pfizer
- AstraZeneca
- GlaxoSmithKline
- Sanofi
- Array BioPharma
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Les Laboratories Pierre Fabre
- Incyte
- Syndax Pharmaceuticals
- National Institute for Health and Care Research
- Eisai
- Ipsen
- Plexxikon
- EUSA Pharma
- LEO Pharma
- Genentech
- EMD Serono
- Sanofi Genzyme
- Pharmacyclics
- National Cancer Institute (P30CA008748)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cutaneous Melanoma Detection and Management
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Keywords
- ipilimumab, advanced melanoma, combination immunotherapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, five-year survival, overall survival, progression-free survival, long-term outcomes, health-related quality of life, CheckMate 067, PD-1 inhibitors, CTLA-4 inhibitors, immune-related adverse events
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