The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Bystander CPR for Witnessed Cardiac Arrest
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Differences in the incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provided by bystanders contribute to survival disparities among persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It is critical to understand whether the incidence of bystander CPR in witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests at home and in public settings differs according to the race or ethnic group of the person with cardiac arrest in order to inform interventions. METHODS: Within a large U.S. registry, we identified 110,054 witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the period from 2013 through 2019. We used a hierarchical logistic regression model to analyze the incidence of bystander CPR in Black or Hispanic persons as compared with White persons with witnessed cardiac arrests at home and in public locations. We analyzed the overall incidence as well as the incidence according to neighborhood racial or ethnic makeup and income strata. Neighborhoods were classified as predominantly White (>80% of residents), majority Black or Hispanic (>50% of residents), or integrated, and as high income (an annual median household income of >$80,000), middle income ($40,000-$80,000), or low income (<$40,000). RESULTS: Overall, 35,469 of the witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (32.2%) occurred in Black or Hispanic persons. Black and Hispanic persons were less likely to receive bystander CPR at home (38.5%) than White persons (47.4%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.76) and less likely to receive bystander CPR in public locations than White persons (45.6% vs. 60.0%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.66). The incidence of bystander CPR among Black and Hispanic persons was less than that among White persons not only in predominantly White neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.90) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.75) but also in majority Black or Hispanic neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.83) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.68) and in integrated neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.81) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.77). Similarly, across all neighborhood income strata, the frequency of bystander CPR at home and in public locations was lower among Black and Hispanic persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest than among White persons. CONCLUSIONS: In witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Black and Hispanic persons were less likely than White persons to receive potentially lifesaving bystander CPR at home and in public locations, regardless of the racial or ethnic makeup or income level of the neighborhood where the cardiac arrest occurred. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An investigation of bystander CPR response for witnessed cardiac arrest found that Black and Hispanic patients or females are less likely to get CPR regardless of income level or neighborhood where the cardiac arrest occurred. 34”
From AI pitfalls and what not to do: mitigating bias in AI (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome Reports
Jacobs, I. G., Nadkarni, V., the ILCOR Task Force on Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcomes, PARTICIPANTS, C., Bahr, J., Berg, R. A., Billi, J. E., Bossaert, L. L., Cassan, P., Coovadia, A. H., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000147236.85306.15 · Cited by 2,563
Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review
FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 · Cited by 2,556
Austin, P. (2009) · Communications in statistics. Simulation and computation · doi:10.1080/03610910902859574 · Cited by 2,323
Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302903 · Cited by 2,176
Predictors of Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Sasson, C., Rogers, M. A. M., Dahl, J., & Kellermann, A. L. (2009) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.109.889576 · Cited by 2,069
Self-citationCummins, R. O., Ornato, J. P., Thies, W. H., & Pepe, P. E. (1991) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.5.1832 · Cited by 1,505
Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Hasselqvist‐Ax, I., Riva, G., Herlitz, J. D., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J., Nordberg, P., Ringh, M., Jonsson, M. N., Axelsson, C., Lindqvist, J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1405796 · Cited by 992
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Stiell, I. G., Wells, G. A., Field, B., Spaite, D. W., Nesbitt, L. P., Maio, V. J. D., Nichol, G., Cousineau, D., Blackburn, J., Munkley, D., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040325 · Cited by 831
McNally, B., Robb, R. R., Mehta, M., Vellano, K. M., Valderrama, A. L., Yoon, P. W., Sasson, C., Crouch, A., Perez, A. B., Merritt, R. K., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 681
Self-citationA Comparison of Vasopressin and Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Wenzel, V., Krismer, A. C., Arntz, H. R., Sitter, H., Stadlbauer, K., & Lindner, K. H. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa025431 · Cited by 632
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–165 of 165
Closing the Gap: Addressing Racial Bias in Bystander CPR Administration
Tamirisa, K., Lowder, E., Mares, A. C., Jose, J., & Stimpson, J. P. (2025) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580251347867 · Cited by 1
Du, Z., Ma, S., Tong, Y., Zhao, P., Chen, Z., Fan, H., Hou, S., & Fan, B. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1663865 · Cited by 1
Ezenna, C. G., Abdulelah, H., Nadeem, S., Shah, H., Ramesh, P., Hama, J., Seraj, S., Abbas, R., Krishna, M. M., Joseph, M., et al. (2025) · The American Journal of the Medical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.amjms.2025.12.779 · Cited by 1
Al‐Khatib, S. M., Ackerman, M. J., Califf, R. M., Chung, M. K., Chugh, S. S., Curtis, A. B., Dagres, N., Ellenbogen, K. A., Felker, G. M., Goldenberg, I., et al. (2026) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2026.05.040 · Cited by 1
Brown, T. P., de Paeztron, A., Booth, S. J., Smith, C. M., Soar, J., Hawkes, C., Warwick, P., Barry, J., & Perkins, G. D. (2026) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111162 · Cited by 1
Tackling Health Inequities: A Unique, Asynchronous Course Designed Through Peer-to-Peer Methods
Burdzy, A., Dai, M., Nagubandi, V., Nguyen, M., Marten, C., & Paul-Quinn, J. (2023) · Journal of Medical Education and Curricular Development · doi:10.1177/23821205231203917 · Cited by 1
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival in Black & Hispanic communities since the COVID-19 pandemic
Hall, E. J., Li, Q., Chan, P. S., McNally, B., Al‐Araji, R., de Lemos, J. A., Uzendu, A. I., & Girotra, S. R. (2025) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110579 · Cited by 1
Self-citationOhle, R., Savage, D. W., Roy, D. C., Yadav, K., Chhabra, S., & McIsaac, S. M. (2025) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2025.101189 · Cited by 1
Grabmayr, A. J., Kragh, A. R., Kjærholm, S. H., Sheikh, A. P., Østergaard, D., Hassager, C., Folke, F., Tjørnhøj‐Thomsen, T., & Hansen, C. M. (2026) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2025-100597 · Cited by 1
HIV status and lay bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation initiation for witnessed cardiac arrest
Javaudin, F., Canon, V., Heidet, M., Bougouin, W., Youssfi, Y., Beganton, F., Empana, J. P., Chocron, R., Jouven, X., Marijon, É., et al. (2024) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2024.110269 · Cited by 1
de Araújo, C. F. S., Gramacho, I. D. S., Fernandes, A. G. O., & Baraldi, S. (2024) · Revista Foco · doi:10.54751/revistafoco.v17n8-141 · Cited by 1
Ventura, C., Lawner, B. J., Guyther, J., & Gullion, J. (2024) · Open Access Emergency Medicine · doi:10.2147/oaem.s491806 · Cited by 1
Community Disparities in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest Prehospital Antiarrhythmic Practices
Papin, A. S., Chan, H. K., Child, A., Mann, N. C., Walter, D. C., Johnson, A. M., Schulz, K., Page‐Reeves, J., & Huebinger, R. (2024) · Prehospital Emergency Care · doi:10.1080/10903127.2024.2436051 · Cited by 1
Shin, J., Liu, J., Parayil, M., Counts, C. R., Drucker, C. J., Coult, J., Blackwood, J., Guan, S., Kudenchuk, P. J., Sayre, M. R., et al. (2025) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.124.011446 · Cited by 1
Chen, C., Huebinger, R., & Blewer, A. L. (2025) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110701 · Cited by 1
Implementation Challenges in Emergency Cardiovascular Care
O’Halloran, A. J., & Fowler, J. (2025) · Critical Care Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ccc.2025.08.002 · Cited by 1
Hidden disparities in the rising prevalence of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Ong, M. E. H., & Siddiqui, F. J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Cardiology · doi:10.1038/s41569-022-00830-6 · Cited by 1
Trends in cardiac arrest mortality in the US, 1999-2020Preprint
Gonuguntla, K., Chobufo, M. D., Shaik, A., Patel, N. N., Penmetsa, M., Thyagaturu, H. S., Taha, A., Alharbi, A. A., Sattar, Y., & Balla, S. (2023) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2023.08.01.23293526 · Cited by 1
Social Determinants of Sudden Cardiac Death
Clair, W. K. (2022) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejme2210406
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Bystander CPR
Lim, H. S., Farouque, O., & Sanders, P. (2023) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmc2215238
Paramedicine Literature Search: September-November 2022
Morrissey, B., Maxwell, S., & Gunderson, M. R. (2023) · International Journal of Paramedicine · doi:10.56068/xojn5496
COVID-19 as a catalyst of disparities in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Hulleman, M., van der Werf, C., & Koster, R. W. (2023) · Heart Rhythm · doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2023.04.014
Community Response Programs: The Real Question Is “Are They Scalable?”
Pratt, A., Tataris, K. L., & Sharp, W. W. (2023) · Annals of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2023.01.043
Kirkpatrick, J. N., Kersey, C. B., & Truong, K. P. (2023) · JACC Advances · doi:10.1016/j.jacadv.2023.100608
Gibt es Unterschiede bei der Durchführung von Laienreanimation aufgrund der Herkunft?
Wnent, J. (2023) · Notfallmedizin up2date · doi:10.1055/a-2109-7180
Maheshwari, K., Maheshwari, P., & Samiullah, F. (2024) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2024.102536
Valenzi, N. (2024) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.21210
Reviving Hearts — Uniting Communities with Lifesaving Bystander CPR
Owusu‐Ansah, S., & Rodgers, P. G. (2024) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2403043
Youngstrom, D. W., Sutton, T. S., Kabala, F. S., Rosenzweig, I. C., Johndro, C. W., Al‐Araji, R., Burke‐Martindale, C. H., Mather, J., & McKay, R. G. (2024) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2024.100727
COVID-19 and pediatric out-of-hospital cardiac arrest using U.S. registry database
Schmitt, C., Beasley, G. S., Guerrier, K., Kramer, J., Naim, M. Y., Griffis, H. M., McNally, B., Chan, P. S., Al‐Araji, R., & Rossano, J. W. (2025) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2025.100869
Self-citationSpecial Issue on Substance Misuse and Addiction Disorders
Saucedo, C. (2025) · Western Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.5811/westjem.41988
Larribau, R., & Sigaux, A. (2025) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110527
Chan, P. S., Girotra, S. R., & Starks, M. A. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.124.073360
Self-citationBreakable Barriers: The Impact of Teaching Hands-Only CPR Within Marginalized Communities
Miller, K., Miller, A. S., & Bludorn, J. (2025) · The Journal of Physician Assistant Education · doi:10.1097/jpa.0000000000000666
Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes
Chukwurah, M. I., Okwara, J., & Uzendu, A. I. (2025) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2025.03.512
Sarwer, D. B., Harris, K. P. F., & Schroeder, K. (2025) · CommonHealth · doi:10.15367/p8pgs356
Padrão, E. M. H., Onuchic, F., Castro, M. D. A., Swarovsky, A. P. S., Neto, A. B. D. A., Neto, F. L., Azevedo, L. C. P., Zampieri, F. G., & Tavares, C. A. M. (2025) · Critical Care Science · doi:10.62675/2965-2774.20250228
Huebinger, R., Papin, A. S., Coute, R. A., Johnson, A. M., Myaskovsky, L., Kocher, K. E., Mann, N. C., & Page‐Reeves, J. (2025) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2025.05.016
Rethinking distance metrics for early AED connection in community responder systems
Gong, B., & Chen, G. (2025) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2025.110787
Bisson, L. J., Bisson, K., Felts, T., Dinse, S. A., Suffoletto, H. N., Krzyzanowicz, S., Krzyzanowicz, R., & Weiss‐Laxer, N. S. (2025) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2025-110721
Racial Disparities in Inpatient Cardiac Arrest Outcomes
Sharma, R., Jaafar, N., Selvam, P. V., Atallah, J., Bertacchi, J., & Porterfield, J. (2025) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-025-02585-5
Race and Resuscitation: Evolving Trends in Survival After In‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Mohamed, A., Andrea, L. J., Gong, M. N., Naqvi, A. R., Orsi, D., Sherrod, C., Chan, P. S., Okubo, M., Moskowitz, A. L., Grossestreuer, A., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.125.045460
Self-citationNaveed, M. A., Razzak, M. J., Hasan, M., Ali, A., Rehan, M., Agarwal, S., Neppala, S., Deshmukh, A., DeSimone, C. V., & Munir, M. B. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.01.14.26344154
Chain of Survival Complexities and Barriers in the Muslim CommunityPreprint
Liffert, H., Shoaib, M., Parajuli, S., Meier, B. J., Chavez, L., & Perkins, J. C. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.03.05.26347762
Huang, C., Shang, S., Hu, Y., Chen, L., Ren, Z., Gao, S., Gao, S., Yin, W., Zhang, H., Jiang, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuropathology & Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1093/jnen/nlag020
Bystander effect emerges from individual psychological prospects
Ng, T., & Clifton, S. M. (2026) · Chaos An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science · doi:10.1063/5.0323615
Dual sequential defibrillation: strategies in refractory ventricular fibrillation
Allen, M. J. (2026) · Journal of Paramedic Practice · doi:10.12968/jpar.2025.0099
Alshahrani, T. H., Al-Wathinani, A. M., Alobaid, A. M., Paganini, M., Abahussain, M. A., & Goniewicz, K. (2026) · BMC Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12873-026-01635-3
Witt, M., Zeng, C., & Santoro, S. L. (2026) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A · doi:10.1002/ajmg.a.70219
Hussain, D., Khan, H. N., Rahman, S. U., Aslam, B., Nasir, A., Arain, M. S. B. A., Khan, A. E. M. A., Usman, M., Zahid, M. S., Imran, H., et al. (2026) · medRxiv · doi:10.64898/2026.06.16.26355839
Newman, M., Peattie, G., Subramanian, A., JAMPEL, H. D., Farrell, J., & FOWLER, R. L. (2026) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101401
Presciutti, A., Rochon, E. A., Newman, M., Ratay, C. R., Elmer, J., Perman, S. M., Vranceanu, A., & Mace, R. A. (2026) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2026.2696969
Siddiqi, A. K., Ali, K. M., Aaqil, S. I., Almas, T., Cummings, K. W., Stib, M. T., Naeem, M., & Cecco, C. N. D. (2026) · Cardiology in Review · doi:10.1097/crd.0000000000001401
Agostini, T., Herrera, A., Paulson, E., Shyne, R., Delgado, C., Oyetunji, S. O., & Campbell, K. (2026) · Journal of Public Health Management and Practice · doi:10.1097/phh.0000000000002426
Helander, M. E., Bergen‐Cico, D., & Punch, A. (2026) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111216
One size does not save all: designing interventions to reduce cardiac arrest disparities
Hansen, C. M., & Grabmayr, A. J. (2026) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2026.111223
Jiang, J. W., Wang, E., Li, L., Yen, Y.-H., Chase, A., Dinneen, H., Perman, S. M., & Yang, D. H. (2026) · Journal of Immigrant and Minority Health · doi:10.1007/s10903-026-01955-3
Naloxone Access in Schools: A National Survey of School Nurses in the United States
Calihan, J. B., Herrera, M. C., Jinks‐Chang, S., Wilson, J. D., McDonald, C. C., Dowshen, N., Bobrowski, C.-A., Edelman, E. J., & Bagley, S. M. (2026) · Substance Use Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/29768357261478395
Racial and ethnic differences in time to shock delivery in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest
Shimabukuro, A., Komukai, S., Shiba, K., Blewer, A. L., Aufderheide, T. P., Carlson, J. N., Elmer, J., Idris, A. H., Lupton, J. R., Martin‐Gill, C., et al. (2026) · Resuscitation Plus · doi:10.1016/j.resplu.2026.101463
Attachaipanich, T., Girotra, S. R., Kennedy, K. F., McNally, B., & Chan, P. S. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.126.079735
Self-citationSivashankar, S., Shirolkar, P., Blewer, A. L., Chen, A., Monk, L., Lu, M., McLaughlin, E., Granger, C. B., & Cope, T. L. (2026) · Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2026.09.003
Gorée, T., & Wang, X. (2026) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-026-03238-x
Jain, H., Cheema, M. R. S., Soni, K., Sklar, M. A., Saad, M. S., Abbott, J. D., & Vallabhajosyula, S. (2026) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2026.103490
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Pediatric Perioperative Cardiac Arrest Survival
Kitio, S. A. Y., Jung, S., Gbadegesin, S., Yeh, J., & Nafiu, O. O. (2026) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2026-077013
Metadata
- Authors
- Garcia, R. A., Spertus, J. A., Girotra, S., Nallamothu, B. K., Kennedy, K. F., McNally, B. F., Breathett, K., Del Rios, M., Sasson, C., & Chan, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- From Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute (R.A.G., J.A.S., K.F.K., P.S.C.) and University of Missouri-Kansas City (R.A.G., J.A.S., P.S.C.) — both in Kansas City, MO; University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine (S.G., M.D.R.) and the Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (S.G.) — both in Iowa City; the Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (B.K.N.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Druid Hills, Georgia (B.F.M); the Division of Cardiology, Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University, Bloomington (K.B.); and the American Heart Association, Dallas (C.S.).
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-10-27
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1569-1578
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC9760357
- OpenAlex
- W4307564569
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 36.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5T32H110837, K01HL142848, R56HL159216, and L30HL148881, R01HL160734)
- American Heart Association (N/A)
- American Red Cross (N/A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Keywords
- bystander CPR, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, racial disparities, ethnic disparities, Black patients, Hispanic patients, neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood income, survival disparities, bystander CPR training
- MeSH terms
- Race Factors, Black or African American, Emergency Medical Services, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Income, Registries, Residence Characteristics, United States, Incidence, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Black People, White People, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
