The DOI matches its Crossref record; 28 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Bystander CPR for Witnessed Cardiac Arrest
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Differences in the incidence of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) provided by bystanders contribute to survival disparities among persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. It is critical to understand whether the incidence of bystander CPR in witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests at home and in public settings differs according to the race or ethnic group of the person with cardiac arrest in order to inform interventions. METHODS: Within a large U.S. registry, we identified 110,054 witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests during the period from 2013 through 2019. We used a hierarchical logistic regression model to analyze the incidence of bystander CPR in Black or Hispanic persons as compared with White persons with witnessed cardiac arrests at home and in public locations. We analyzed the overall incidence as well as the incidence according to neighborhood racial or ethnic makeup and income strata. Neighborhoods were classified as predominantly White (>80% of residents), majority Black or Hispanic (>50% of residents), or integrated, and as high income (an annual median household income of >$80,000), middle income ($40,000-$80,000), or low income (<$40,000). RESULTS: Overall, 35,469 of the witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests (32.2%) occurred in Black or Hispanic persons. Black and Hispanic persons were less likely to receive bystander CPR at home (38.5%) than White persons (47.4%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72 to 0.76) and less likely to receive bystander CPR in public locations than White persons (45.6% vs. 60.0%) (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.66). The incidence of bystander CPR among Black and Hispanic persons was less than that among White persons not only in predominantly White neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.90) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.75) but also in majority Black or Hispanic neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.75 to 0.83) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.59 to 0.68) and in integrated neighborhoods at home (adjusted odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.74 to 0.81) and in public locations (adjusted odds ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68 to 0.77). Similarly, across all neighborhood income strata, the frequency of bystander CPR at home and in public locations was lower among Black and Hispanic persons with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest than among White persons. CONCLUSIONS: In witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, Black and Hispanic persons were less likely than White persons to receive potentially lifesaving bystander CPR at home and in public locations, regardless of the racial or ethnic makeup or income level of the neighborhood where the cardiac arrest occurred. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.).
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“An investigation of bystander CPR response for witnessed cardiac arrest found that Black and Hispanic patients or females are less likely to get CPR regardless of income level or neighborhood where the cardiac arrest occurred. 34”
From AI pitfalls and what not to do: mitigating bias in AI (2023) · cites this paper as [34]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcome Reports
Jacobs, I. G., Nadkarni, V., the ILCOR Task Force on Cardiac Arrest and Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Outcomes, PARTICIPANTS, C., Bahr, J., Berg, R. A., Billi, J. E., Bossaert, L. L., Cassan, P., Coovadia, A. H., et al. (2004) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.0000147236.85306.15 · Cited by 2,563
Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review
FitzGerald, C., & Hurst, S. (2017) · BMC Medical Ethics · doi:10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 · Cited by 2,556
Austin, P. (2009) · Communications in statistics. Simulation and computation · doi:10.1080/03610910902859574 · Cited by 2,323
Hall, W. J., Chapman, M. V., Lee, K. M., Merino, Y. M., Thomas, T. W., Payne, B. K., Eng, E., Day, S. H., & Coyne-Beasley, T. (2015) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2015.302903 · Cited by 2,176
Predictors of Survival From Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Sasson, C., Rogers, M. A. M., Dahl, J., & Kellermann, A. L. (2009) · Circulation Cardiovascular Quality and Outcomes · doi:10.1161/circoutcomes.109.889576 · Cited by 2,135
Self-citationCummins, R. O., Ornato, J. P., Thies, W. H., & Pepe, P. E. (1991) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.83.5.1832 · Cited by 1,505
Early Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Hasselqvist‐Ax, I., Riva, G., Herlitz, J. D., Rosenqvist, M., Hollenberg, J., Nordberg, P., Ringh, M., Jonsson, M. N., Axelsson, C., Lindqvist, J., et al. (2015) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1405796 · Cited by 992
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Stiell, I. G., Wells, G. A., Field, B., Spaite, D. W., Nesbitt, L. P., Maio, V. J. D., Nichol, G., Cousineau, D., Blackburn, J., Munkley, D., et al. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa040325 · Cited by 831
McNally, B., Robb, R. R., Mehta, M., Vellano, K. M., Valderrama, A. L., Yoon, P. W., Sasson, C., Crouch, A., Perez, A. B., Merritt, R. K., et al. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 681
Self-citationA Comparison of Vasopressin and Epinephrine for Out-of-Hospital Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Wenzel, V., Krismer, A. C., Arntz, H. R., Sitter, H., Stadlbauer, K., & Lindner, K. H. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa025431 · Cited by 632
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Barone Gibbs, B., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001209 · Cited by 2,800
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Allen, N. B., Almarzooq, Z., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P. K., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Bansal, N., Beaton, A., et al. (2025) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001303 · Cited by 1,284
Marijon, É., Narayanan, K., Smith, K. L., Barra, S., Basso, C., Blom, M. T., Crotti, L., d’Ávila, A., Deo, R., Dumas, F., et al. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00875-9 · Cited by 346
Self-citationPalaniappan, L. P., Allen, N. B., Almarzooq, Z., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P. K., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Bansal, N., Currie, M. E., Earlie, R. S., et al. (2026) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001412 · Cited by 343
Perman, S. M., Elmer, J., Maciel, C. B., Uzendu, A. I., May, T., Mumma, B. E., Bartos, J. A., Rodriguez, A. J., Kurz, M. C., Panchal, A. R., et al. (2023) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001194 · Cited by 285
Metadata
- Authors
- Garcia, R. A., Spertus, J. A., Girotra, S., Nallamothu, B. K., Kennedy, K. F., McNally, B. F., Breathett, K., Del Rios, M., Sasson, C., & Chan, P. S.
- Affiliations
- University of Iowa (US)
- From Saint Luke’s Mid America Heart Institute (R.A.G., J.A.S., K.F.K., P.S.C.) and University of Missouri-Kansas City (R.A.G., J.A.S., P.S.C.) — both in Kansas City, MO; University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine (S.G., M.D.R.) and the Center for Access and Delivery Research and Evaluation, Iowa City Veterans Affairs Medical Center (S.G.) — both in Iowa City; the Michigan Integrated Center for Health Analytics and Medical Prediction, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor (B.K.N.); Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University School of Medicine, Druid Hills, Georgia (B.F.M); the Division of Cardiology, Krannert Cardiovascular Research Center, Indiana University, Bloomington (K.B.); and the American Heart Association, Dallas (C.S.).
- ORCID
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2022-10-27
- Volume
- 387
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 1569-1578
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- PMC
- PMC9760357
- OpenAlex
- W4307564569
- Cited by
- 163
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 30 · 2025: 46 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 2
- FWCI
- 36.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- IUScholarWorks (Indiana University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (5T32H110837, K01HL142848, R56HL159216, and L30HL148881, R01HL160734)
- American Heart Association (N/A)
- American Red Cross (N/A)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Palliative Care and End-of-Life Issues
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias
- Keywords
- bystander CPR, out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, racial disparities, ethnic disparities, Black patients, Hispanic patients, neighborhood racial composition, neighborhood income, survival disparities, bystander CPR training
- MeSH terms
- Race Factors, Black or African American, Emergency Medical Services, Hispanic or Latino, Humans, Income, Registries, Residence Characteristics, United States, Incidence, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation, Black People, White People, Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
