American Medical Education 100 Years after the Flexner Report
Abstract
This article introduces a series of reports on medical education. It outlines the main areas of success and the problems that have arisen since the Flexner report was issued.
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Due to a scarcity of clinical mentors and limited opportunities for hands-on practice, students frequently miss out on critical interactions with actual patients.
“Furthermore, due to a scarcity of clinical mentors and limited opportunities for hands-on practice, students frequently miss out on critical interactions with actual patients7,8.”
From A large language model digital patient system enhances ophthalmology history taking skills (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
Cites
Research in clinical reasoning: past history and current trends
Norman, G. (2005) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2929.2005.02127.x · Cited by 1,018 · see citing works
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Frenk, J., Chen, L., Bhutta, Z. A., Cohen, J., Crisp, N., Evans, T., Fineberg, H., Garcia, P., Ke, Y., Kelley, P., et al. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)61854-5 · Cited by 5,960 · see citing works
Opportunity or threat: the ambiguity of the consequences of transitions in medical education
Teunissen, P. W., & Westerman, M. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03755.x · Cited by 342 · see citing works
The Role for Virtual Patients in the Future of Medical Education
Berman, N. B., Durning, S. J., Fischer, M. R., Huwendiek, S., & Triola, M. M. (2016) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0000000000001146 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Simulation in medical education
Khan, K., Pattison, T., & Sherwood, M. (2011) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2010.519412 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Dharamsi, S., Ho, A., Spadafora, S. M., & Woollard, R. (2011) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318226b43b · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Lin, H.-C., & Hwang, G.-J. (2019) · Interactive Learning Environments · doi:10.1080/10494820.2018.1467462 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
The rotational approach to medical education: time to confront our assumptions?
Holmboe, E., Ginsburg, S., & Bernabeo, E. (2011) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2010.03847.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Bernabeo, E. C., Holtman, M. C., Ginsburg, S., Rosenbaum, J. R., & Holmboe, E. S. (2011) · Academic Medicine · doi:10.1097/acm.0b013e318212c2c9 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
ChatGPT in medical school: how successful is AI in progress testing?
Friederichs, H., Friederichs, W. J., & März, M. (2023) · Medical Education Online · doi:10.1080/10872981.2023.2220920 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Building a competency-based curriculum: the agony and the ecstasy
Albanese, M. A., Mejicano, G., Anderson, W. M., & Gruppen, L. (2010) · Advances in Health Sciences Education · doi:10.1007/s10459-008-9118-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
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Continuity in a longitudinal out‐patient attachment for Year 3 medical students
Wamsley, M. A., Dubowitz, N., Kohli, P., Cooke, M., & O’Brien, B. C. (2009) · Medical Education · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2923.2009.03424.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Self-citationA large language model digital patient system enhances ophthalmology history taking skills
Luo, M.-J., Bi, S., Pang, J., Liu, L., Tsui, C.-K., Lai, Y., Chen, W., Yang, Y., Xu, K., Zhao, L., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01841-6 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“Furthermore, due to a scarcity of clinical mentors and limited opportunities for hands-on practice, students frequently miss out on critical interactions with actual patients 7,8 .”
Being a mindful clinical teacher: can mindfulness enhance education in a clinical setting?
Dobkin, P. L., & Laliberté, V. (2014) · Medical Teacher · doi:10.3109/0142159x.2014.887834 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Length of Attending-Student and Resident-Student Interactions in the Inpatient Medicine Clerkship
Osman, N. Y., Walling, J. L., Mitchell, V. G., & Alexander, E. K. (2015) · Teaching and Learning in Medicine · doi:10.1080/10401334.2015.1011655 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Oldfield, B. J., Clark, B. W., Mix, M. C., Shaw, K. C., Serwint, J. R., Desai, S. V., Kruzan, R. M., Stewart, R. W., Ruhs, S., & Feldman, L. S. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-017-4272-y · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Cooke, M., Irby, D. M., Sullivan, W., & Ludmerer, K. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Carnegie Institution for Science (US)
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ORCID
- Irby, David M.
- Venue
- New England Journal of Medicine
- Publisher
- Massachusetts Medical Society
- Published
- 2006-09-28
- Volume
- 355
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 1339-1344
- ISSN
- 0028-4793 (ISSN-L)
- 1533-4406
- OpenAlex
- W1965388506
- Cited by
- 883
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 56 · 2019: 41 · 2018: 63 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 57 · 2014: 66 · 2013: 51 · 2012: 48
- FWCI
- 41.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New England Journal of Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Innovations in Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health and Medical Education
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Health and Medical Research Impacts
- Keywords
- medical education, Flexner Report, history of medical education, medical school reform, medical curriculum, medical school accreditation
- MeSH terms
- Delivery of Health Care, Education, Medical, Ethics, Medical, Humans, Teaching, United States, Clinical Medicine, Biomedical Research, History, 20th Century, History, 21st Century
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